The Reston Groundwater Dating Laboratory

Extensive Reference List

Dating of Young Ground Water
Dissolved Gases in Ground Water
Compiled by Niel Plummer and Eurybiades Busenberg

Such a list is never complete. We appologize for the omissions and errors. Please send corrections and additions to cfc@usgs.gov

Date of revision: January 29, 2007

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A

AbuRukah, Y., and AlKofahi, O., 2001, The assessment of the effect of landfill leachate on ground-water quality - a case study. El-Akader landfill site-north Jordan: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 49, no. 3, p. 615-630.

Adrian, L., Szewzyk, U., Wecke, J., and Gorrisch, H., 2000, Bacterial dehalorespiration with chlorinated benzenes, Nature, 408, 580-583.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Alvarado, J. A. C., Purtschert, R., Hinsby K., Troldborg L., Hofer, M., Kipfer, R., Arno-Synal H., 2005, 36Cl in modern groundwater dated by a multi-tracer approach (3H/3He, SF6, CFC-12 and 85Kr): a case study in quaternary sand aquifers in the Odense Pilot River Basin, Denmark. Applied Geochemistry 20 (2005), p. 599-601.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Beyerle, U., Rueedi, J., Leuenberger, M., Peeters, F., Kipfer, R., Dodo, A., 2003, Evidence for periods of wetter and cooler climate in the Sahel between 6 and 40 kyr derived from groundwater, in Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 30, Number 4, p. 22:1-4.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Hofer, M., Schmid, M., Kipfer, R., Imboden, D. M., 2002, The physical structure and dynamics of a deep, meromictic crater lake (Lac Pavin, France), in Hydrobiologia 487: 111-136.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Holocher, J., Peeters, F., Kinzelbach W., Kipfer, R., 2003, Kinetic Model of Gas Bubble Dissolution in Groundwater and Its Implications for the Dissolved Gas Composition. Environmental Science Technology (2003) 37, p. 1337-1343.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Kipfer, R., Peeters, F., Stute, M., Noble Gases in Lakes and Ground Waters in Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Volume 47, Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentune, R. Wieler, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America, Chapter 14, p. 615-700.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Peeters, F., Beyerle, U., and Kipfer, R., 1999, Interpretation of dissolved atmospheric noble gases in natural waters: Water Resources Research, v. 35, p. 2779-2792.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Peeters, F., Beyerle, U., and Kipfer, R., 2000, Paleotemperature reconstruction from noble gases in ground water taking into account equilibrium with entrapped air. Nature, 405, p. 1040-1044.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Peeters, F., Kipfer, R., Achermann, D., Hofer, M., Beyerle, U., Imboden, D.M., Rozanski, K., Fröhlich, K., 2000, Analysis of deep-water exchange in the Caspian Sea based on environmental tracers, in Deep Sea Research I 47 (2000) p. 621-654.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Purtschert, R., Beyerle, U., Kipfer R., Loosli, H. H., 2001, Palaeowaters from the Glatt Valley, Switzerland, in Edmunds, W. M. and Milane, C. J. (eds). Coastal Europe: evolution of groundwater since the late Pleistocene. p. 155-162.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Stute, M., Clark, J.F., Reuter, R.F., and Schlosser, P., 2002, A paleotemperature record derived from dissolved noble gases in groundwater of the Aquia Aquifer (Maryland, USA): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 5, p. 797-817.

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Schlosser, P., Stute M., Simpson H. J., Ludin A., Clark, J. F., 1998, A 3H/3He Study of Ground Water Flow in a Fractured Bedrock Aquifer, in Ground Water, Volume 36, Number 4, p. 661-670.

Albert, M.R., and Shultz, E.F., 2002, Snow and firn properties and air-snow transport processes at Summit, Greenland: Atmospheric Environment, v. 36, no. 15-16, p. 2789-2797.

Alexander, B., Vollmer, M.K., Jackson, T., Weiss, R.F., and Thiemens, M.H., 2002, Stratospheric CO2 isotopic anomalies and SF6 and CFC tracer concentrations in the Arctic polar vortex (Vol 28, pg 4103, 2001) - art. no. 1072: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1072.

Ali, M.Y.A., and Riley, J.P., 1990, Distribution of halomethanes in potable waters of Kuwait, Water Res., 24, 533-538.

Almon, E., and Magaritz, M., 1990, Dissolved common gases in groundwaters of the Appalachian Region. Jour. Hydrol., v. 121, 21-32.

Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), Production, sales and atmospheric release of fluorocrabons through 1999.

AFEAS Program Office, The West Tower- Suite 400, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, U.S.A. http://www.afeas.org/

Alvarado, J.A. Corcho, Purtschert, R., Barbecot, F., Chabault, C., Rueedi, J., Schneider, V., Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Kipfer, R., and Loosli, H.H., 2007, Constraining the age distribution of highly mixed groundwater using 39Ar: A multiple environmental tracer (3H/3He, 85Kr, 39Ar, and 14C) study in the semiconfined Fontainebleau Sands Aquifer (France), Water Resour. Res., 43, W03427, doi:10.1029/2006WR005096.

Alyea, F., D. Cunnold and R. Prinn, Meteorological constraints on tropospheric halocarbon and nitrous oxide destruction by siliceous land surfaces, Atmos. Environ., 12, 1009-1011, 1978.

Andraski, B.J., Sandstrom, M.W., Michel, R.L., Radyk, J.C., Stonestrom, D.A., Johnson, M.J., and Mayers, C.J., 2003, Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, no. 3, p. 988-995.

Andrews, J. N., 1985, The isotopic composition of radiogenic helium and its use to study groundwater movement in confined aquifers: Chem. Geol., v. 49, p. 339-351.

Andrews, J. N., 1991, Noble gases and radioelements in groundwaters. In, "Applied Groundwater Hydrology, A British Perspective", R.A. Downing and W.B. Wilkinson, Eds., 243-265, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Andrews, J. N., and Fontes, J.-C., 1993, Comment on "Chlorine 36 dating of very old groundwater, 3, Further results on the Great Artesian Basin, Australia" by T. Torgersen et al.: Water Resources Res., v. 29, no. 6, p. ?

Andrews, J. N., and Kay, R. L. F., 1982, Natural production of tritium in permeable rocks: Nature, v. 298, p. 361-363.

Andrews, J. N., and Lee, D. J., 1979, Inert gases in groundwater from the Bunter sandstone of England as indicators of age and paleoclimatic trends: Journal of Hydrology, v. 41, p. 233-252.

Andrews, J. N., Davis, S. N., Fabryka-Martin, J., Fontes, F.-Ch., Lehmann, B. E., Loosli, H. H., Michelot, J.-L., Moser, H., Smith, B., and Wolf, M., 1989, The in situ production of radioisotopes in rock matrices with particular reference to the Stripa granite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 53, 1803-1815.

Andrews, J. N., Edmunds, W. M., Smedley, P.L., Fontes, J.C., Fifield, L.K. and Allan, G.L., 1994, Chlorine-36 in Groundwater as a Palaeoclimatic Indicator - The East Midlands Triassic Sandstone Aquifer (UK). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 122(1-2), 159-171.

Andrews, J. N., Giles, I. S., Kay, R .L. F., Lee, D. J., Osmond, J. K., Cowart, J. B., Fritz, P., Barker, J. F., and Gale, J., 1982, Radioelements, radiogenic helium and age relationships for groundwaters from the granites at Stripa, Sweden. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 46, 1533-1543.

Andrews, J. N., Goldbrunner, J. E., Darling, W. G., Hooker, P. ., Wilson, G. B., Youngman, M. J., Eichinger, L., Rauert, W., and Stichler, W., 1985, A radiochemical, hydrochemical and dissolved gas study of groundwaters in the Molasse basin of Upper Austria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 73, 317-332.

Andrews, J. N., Hussein, N., and Youngman, M. J., 1989, Atmospheric and radiogenic gasses in groundwater from the Stripa granite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 1831-1841.

Andrews, J.N., Fontes, J.-C., Aranyossy, J.-F., Dodo, A., Edmunds, W.M., Joseph A., and Travi, Y., 1994, The evolution of alkaline groundwaters in the continental intercalaire aquifer of the Irhazer Plain, Niger. Water Resour. Res. V. 30, p. 45-61

Andrews, J. N., W. Balderer, A. H. Bath, H. B. Clausen, G. V. Evans, T. Florkowski, J. E. Goldbrunner, M. Ivanovich, H. Loosli and H. Zojer. 1984. Environmental isotope studies in two aquifer systems. In Isotope Hydrology 1983, pp. 535-576. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA-SM-270/93.

Andrie, C., Rhein, M., Freudenthal, S., and Plahn, O., 2002, CFC time series in the deep water masses of the western tropical Atlantic, 1990-1999: Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 49, no. 2, p. 281-304.

Appelo, C.A.J., and D. Postma, 1993, Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 536pp.

Appleby, A., Atmospheric Freons and Halogenated Compounds, U.S. NTIS, PB Rep. 262-432, 337p, 1976.

Asher, W., Edson, J., McGillis, W., Wanninkhof, R., Ho, D.T., and Litchendorf, T., 2002, Fractional area whitecap coverage and air-sea gas transfer velocities measured during GasEx-98: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces.

Asher, E. W., and Wanninkhof, R., 1998, Transient tracers and air-sea transfer, J. Geophys. Res., 103, C8, 15939-15958.

Asher, E. W., and Wanninkhof, R., 1998, The effect of bubbler-mediated gas transfer on purposeful dual-gaseous tracer experiments: Journal of Geophysical Reseach, C5,103, 10555-10560.

Ashton, J. T., Dawe, R. A., Miller, K. W., Smith, E.B. and Stickings,N. J. (1968) The solubility of certain gaseous fluorine compounds in water. Journal of the Chemical Society (A), 1793-1796.

Aucott, M. L., McCulloch, A., Graedel, T. E., Kleiman, G., Midgley, P., 1999, Anthropogenic emissions of trichloromethane (chloroform, CHCl3) and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22): Reactive chlorine emissions inventory: J. Geophys. Res., 104, D7, 8405-8415.

Aydin, M., Saltzman, E.S., DeBruyn, W.J., Montzka, S.A., Butler, J.H., and Battle, M., 2004, Atmospheric variability of methyl chloride during the last 300 years from an Antarctic ice core and firn air - art. no. L02109: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 2, p. 2109.

AzetsuScott, K., Jones, E.P., Yashayaev, I., and Gershey, R.M., 2003, Time series study of CFC concentrations in the Labrador Sea during deep and shallow convection regimes (1991-2000) - art. no. 3354: Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, v. 108, no. C11, p. 3354.

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B

Bachman, L.J., Nitrate in the Columbia Aquifer, Central Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Invest., 84-4322, 51 pp., 1984b.

Bachman, L.J., The Columbia Aquifer of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, Part 1: Hydrogeology, Maryland Geol. Surv. Rep. of Invest., 40, 34 pp., 1984a.

Bakwin, P.S., Hurst, D.F., Tans, P.P. and Elkins, J.W., 1997, Anthropogenic sources of halocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon monoxide, and methane in the southeastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, v. 102(D13), 15915-15925.

Balderer, W. and Synal, H.A., 1997, Use of chlorine-36 as tracer for the evolution of waters in geothermal and tectonically active areas in Western Turkey. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B - Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 123(1-4), 387-393.

Balderer, W., and Lehmann, B.E., 1989, 3He/4He-ratios as indicators of the origin of helium in groundwater: Examples from the deep Nagra boreholes in Northern Switzerland. In Water-Rock Interaction, Miles (ed.), Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 45-47.

Balderer, W., and Synal, H.-A., 1996, Application of the chlorine-36 method for the characterization of the groundwater circulation in tectonically active areas: examples from northwestern Anatolia/Turkey. Terra Nova, 8, p. 324-333.

Ball, D.W., 2002, Formation and vibrational spectrum of trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride, CF3SF5, a new greenhouse gas. Gaussian-2 and Gaussian-3 calculations: Journal of Molecular Structure Theochem, v. 578, p. 29-34.

Ball, W. P., and Roberts, P. V., 1991, Long-term sorption of halogenated organic chemicals by aquifer material. 1. Equilibrium: Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 1223-1237.

Ballentine, C.J., and Hall, C.M., 1999, Determining paleotemperatures and other variables by using an error-weighted, nonlinear inversion of noble gas concentrations in water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 63(16), 2315-2336.

Ballentine, C.J., and Lollar, B.S., 2002, Regional groundwater focusing of nitrogen and noble gases into the Hugoton-Panhandle giant gas field, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 14, p. 2483-2497.

Banks, R.E., 1994, Environmental Aspects of Fluorinated Materials .2. 'In-Kind' Replacements for Halon Fire Extinguishants -Some Recent Candidates. J Fluorine Chem, v. 67(3), 193-203.

Barcelona, M. J., and Helfrich, J. A., 1986, Well construction and purging effects on ground-water samples., Environ. Sci. Technol., 20, 1179-1184.

Barnes, D.H., Wofsy, S.C., Fehlau, B.P., Gottlieb, E.W., Elkins, J.W., Dutton, G.S., and Montzka, S.A., 2003, Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City - Washington, DC, corridor, 1996-1998: 2. A study of the efficacy of the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory measures - art. no. 4186: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, v. 108, no. D6, p. 4186.

Barrett, M.R., 1996, The environmental impact of pesticide degradates in groundwater. Herbicide Metabolites in Surface Water and Groundwater (Series: ACS Symposium Series), v. 630, 200-225.

Bartolino, J.R., 1997, Chlorofluorocarbon and tritium age determination of ground-water recharge in the Ryan Flat subbasin, Trans-Pecos Texas. U.S. Geol. Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4245, 29p.

Battle, M., Bender, M., Sowers, T., Tans, P.P., Butler, J.H., Elkins, J.W., Ellis, J.T., Conway, T., Zhang, N., Lang, P. and Clarke, A.D., 1996, Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole. Nature, v. 383(6597), 231-235.

Bauer, M.R. and Yavitt, J.B., 1996, Processes and mechanisms controlling consumption of CFC-11 and CFC-12 by peat from a conifer-swamp and black spruce-tamarack bog in New York State. Chemosphere, v. 32(4), 759-768.

Baumgartner, S., Beer, J., Masarik, J., Wagner, G., Meynadier, L., Synal, H.-A., 1998, Geomagnetic modulation of the 36Cl flux in the GRIP ice core, Greenland, Sci., 279, 1330-1332.

Bayari, S., 2002, TRACER: an EXCEL workbook to calculate mean residence time in groundwater by use of tracers CFC-11, CFC-12 and tritium: Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, no. 5, p. 621-630.

Bayer, R., Schlosser, P., Bönisch, G., Rupp, H., Zaucker, F., and Zimmek, G., 1989, Performance and blank components of a mass spectrometric system for routine measurement of helium isotopes and tritium by the 3He in-growth method: Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Jahrgang 1989, 5. Abhandlung, Springer-Verlag, 42 pp.

Beasley, T.M., Cooper, L.W., Grebmeier, J.M., Kilius, L.R., and Synal, H.A., 1997, 36Cl and 129I in the Yenisei, Kolyma, and Mackenzie Rivers. Environmental Science and Technology, 31(6), p. 1834-1836.

Beining, P. and Roether, W., 1996, Temporal evolution of CFC 11 and CFC 12 concentrations in the ocean interior. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 101(C7), 16455-16464.

Benson, B.B., and D. Krause Jr., 1980, Isotopic Fractionation of Helium During Solution: A Probe for the Liquid State, Journal of Solution Chemistry, 9, 895-909.

Bentley, H.W., Phillips, F. M., Davis S.N., Gifford, S., Elmore, D., Tubs, L.E., and Gove, H.E., 1982, Thermonuclear 36C1 pulse in natural water. Nature, 300(5894), p. 737-740.

Bentley, H.W., Phillips, F.M., Davis, S.N., Habermehl, M.A., Airey, P.L., Calf, G.E., Elmore, D., Gove, H.E., and Torgersen, T., 1986, Chlorine 36 dating of very old groundwater, 1. The Great Artesian Basin, Australia: Water Resources Res., v. 22, p. 1991-2001.

Berg, M., Muller, S.R., Muhlemann, J., Wiedmer, A., and Schwarzenbach, R.P., 2000, Concentrations and mass fluxes of chloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in rain an natural waters in Switzerland, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2675-2683.

Bethke, C., and Zhao, X., 1999, Groundwater flow and the 4He distribution in the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 104(B6), p. 12,999-13,011.

Beyerle, U., Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Hofer, M., Imboden, D.M., Baur, H., Kipfer, R., 1999, Infiltration of river water to a shallow aquifer investigated with 3H/3He, noble gases and CFCs, J. Hydrol., 220, 169-185.

Beyerle, U., Purtschert, R., Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Imboden, D.M., Loosli, H.H., Wieler, R., and Kipfer, R., 1998, Climate and groundwater recharge during the last glaciation in an ice-covered region. Science, v. 282, p. 731-734.

Bill, M., Rhew, R.C., Weiss, R.F., and Goldstein, A.H., 2002, Carbon isotope ratios of methyl bromide and methyl chloride emitted from a coastal salt marsh - art. no. 1045: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 4, p. 1045.

Bingham, G.E., Zhou, D.K., Bartschi, B.Y., Anderson, G.P., Smith, D.R., Chetwynd, J.H. and Nadile, R.M., 1997, Cryogenic infrared radiance instrumentation for shuttle (CIRRIS 1A) Earth limb spectral measurements, calibration, and atmospheric O-3, HNO3, CFC-12, and CFC-11 profile retrieval. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, v. 102(D3), 3547-3558.

Biraud, S., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M., Simmonds, P., Kazan, V., Monfray, P., O'Doherty, S., Spain, T.G., Jennings, S.G., 2000, European greenhouse gas emissions estimated from continuous atmospheric measurements and radon 222 at Mace Head, Ireland, J. Geophys. Res., 105, D1, 1351-1366.

Blicher-Mathiesen, G, McCarty, G.W., and Nielsen, L. P., 1998, Dinitrification and degassing in groundwater estimated from dissolved dinitrogen and argon: Journal of Hydrology, 208, 16-24.

Blinov, A., Massonet, S., Sachsenhauser, H., SanSion, C., Lazarev.V., Beer, J., Synal, H.A., Kaba, M., Masarik, J., and Nolte, E., 2000, An excess of Cl-36 in modern atmospheric precipitation. Nuclear Instuments and Methods in Phys. Res. Sect. B., 172, 537-544.

Bockgard, N., Rodhe, A., and Olsson, K.A., 2004, Accuracy of CFC groundwater dating in a crystalline bedrock aquifer: Data from a site in southern Sweden: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 2, p. 171-183.

Böhlke, J K., and Horan, M., 1999, Strontium isotope geochemistry of ground waters and streams affected by agriculture, Locust Grove, Maryland. Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, p. 599-609.

Böhlke, J. K., 1999, Effects of ground-water residence times, subsurface reduction zones, and riparian "buffers" on the discharge of nitrate from agricultural watersheds: Sensitivity analysis by use of a lumped-parameter flow model. Ground Water (in review, 7/99).

Böhlke, J. K., and Denver, J. M., 1995, Combined use of groundwater dating, chemical, and isotopic analyses to resolve the history and fate of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds, Atlantic coastal plain, Maryland. Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 9, p. 2319-2339.

Böhlke, J. K., Denver, J.M., McMahon, P .B., and Wanty, R.B., 1996, Some hydrogeologic controls on the distribution of nitrate in agricultural water sheds (abstract). EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 77, p. W37.

Böhlke, J. K., O'Brien, A. ., and Michel, R. L., 1996, Isotopic evidence for discharge of old atmospheric sulfate from a forested mountain catchment in Virginia. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 77, p. S102.

Böhlke, J. K., Plummer, L. N., Busenberg, E., Coplen, T. B., Shinn, E. A., and Schlosser, P., 1997, Origins, residence times, and nitrogen chemistry of marine ground waters beneath the Florida Keys and nearby offshore areas. U.S. Geological Survey Program on the South Florida Ecosystem- Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-385, p. 6-7.

Böhlke, J. K., Revesz, K. M., Smith, R. L., and Yoshinari, T., 1997, Multispecies investigation of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in a contaminated ground-water plume undergoing dilution, oxygen consumption, and denitrification, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (abstract). EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 78, p. F211.

Böhlke, J. K., Revesz, K., Busenberg, E., Deak, J., Deseo, E. and Stute, M., 1997, Groundwater record of halocarbon transport by the Danube River. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31(11), 3293-3299.

Böhlke, J.K., and Irwin, J.J., 1992, Brine history indicated by argon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, and iodine analyses of fluid inclusions from the Mississippi Valley type lead-fluorite-barite deposits at Hansonburg, New Mexico: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 110, p. 51-66.

Böhlke, J.K., and Irwin, J.J., 1992, Laser microprobe analyses of noble gas isotopes and halogens in fluid inclusions: Analyses of micro-standards and synthetic inclusions in quartz: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 187-201.

Böhlke, J.K., Gwinn, C.J. and Coplen, T.B., 1993, New reference materials for nitrogen-isotope-ratio measurements: Geostandards Newsletter, v. 17, p. 159-164.

Böhlke, J.K., Kirschbaum, C., and Irwin, J.J., 1989, Simultaneous analyses of noble gas isotopes and halogens in fluid inclusions in neutron-irradiated quartz veins using a laser microprobe noble gas mass spectrometer: in Shanks, W.C., III, and Criss, R.E. (editors), New Frontiers in Stable Isotope Research: Laser probes, ion probes, and small sample analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1890, p. 61-88.

Böhlke, J.K., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Coplen, T.B., Shinn, E.A., and Schlosser, P., 1997, Origins, residence times, and nitrogen chemistry of marine ground waters beneath the Florida Keys and nearby offshore areas. U.S. Geological Survey Program on the South Florida Ecosystem- Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-385, p. 6-7.

Böhlke, J.K., Smith, R.L., Coplen, T.B., Busenberg, E., and LeBlanc, D.R., 1999, Recharge conditions and flow velocities of contaminated and uncontaminated ground waters at Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Evaluation of d2H, d18O, and dissolved gases. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 337-348.

Böhlke, J.K., Wanty, R., Tuttle, M., Delin, G., and Landon, M., 2002, Denitrification in the recharge area and discharge area of a transient agricultural nitrate plume in a glacial outwash sand aquifer, Minnesota - art. no. 1105: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 7, p. 1105.

Bönisch, G., Blindheim, J., Bullister, J. L., Schlosser, P. and Wallace, D.W.R., 1997, Long-term trends of temperature, salinity, density, and transient tracers in the central Greenland Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 102(C8), 18553-18571.

Boswell, S.M. and Smythe-Wright, D., 1996, Dual-detector system for the shipboard analysis of halocarbons in sea-water and air for oceanographic tracer studies. Analyst, v. 121(4), 505-509.

Boswell, S.M., and SmytheWright, D., 2002, The tracer signature of Antarctic Bottom Water and its spread in the Southwest Indian Ocean: Part I - CFC-derived translation rate and topographic control around the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Conrad Rise: Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 49, no. 3, p. 555-573.

Bott, T.L., and Standley, L.J., 1999, Incorporation of trifluoroacetate, a hydrofluorocarbon decomposition byproduct, by freshwater benthonic microbial communities, Water Res., 33, 1538-1544.

Bottomley, D.J., Ross, J.D., and Clarke, W.B., 1984, Helium and neon isotope geochemistry of some groundwaters from the Canadian Precambrian Shield: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 48, p. 1973-1985.

Boutonnet, J.C., Bingham, P., Calamari, D., de Rooij, C., Franklin, J., Kawano, T., Libre, J.-M., McColluch, A., Malinverno, G., Odom, J.M., Rusch, G.M., Smythe, K., Sobolev, I., Thompson, R., Tiedje, J.M., 1999, 59-124.Environmental risk assessment of trifluoroacetic acid, HUm. Ecol. Risk Assess., v. 5,no. 1,

Bouwer, E. J., and McCarty, P. L., 1983, Transformations of halogenated organic compounds under itrification conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45, 1295-1299.

Bouwer, E. J., and Wright, J. P., 1988, Transformations of trace halogenated aliphaticsin anoxic biofilm columns. J. Conam. Hydrol., 2., 155-169.

Brown, J. D., Evolution of Fluorocarbon Compounds as Ground Water Tracers- Soil Column Studies, M. S. Thesis, Dept. Hydrol. Water Resour., Univ. Ariz., Tuscon, 97p, 1980.

Bruggeman, A.C., Mostaghimi, S., Holtzman, G.I., Shanholtz, V.O., Shukla, S. and Ross, B.B., 1995, Monitoring pesticide and nitrate in Virginia's groundwater - A pilot study. Transactions of the ASAE, v. 38(3), 797-807.

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