Reconnaissance of 17ß -Estradiol, 11-Ketotestosterone, Vitellogenin,
and Gonad Histopathology in Common Carp of United States Streams: Potential
for Contaminant-Induced Endocrine Disruption
By Steven L. Goodbred, Robert J. Gilliom, Timothy S. Gross, Nancy P. Denslow,
Wade L. Bryant, and Trenton R. Schoeb
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-627
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Fish Collection, Plasma Sampling, and Age Determination
Biomarkers
Analysis of Sex Steroid Hormones
Analysis of Vitellogenin
Histopathology
Analysis of Hormone and Vitellogenin Data
Contaminants
Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs in Tissues
PAHs, Phenols, and Phthalates in Bed Sediment
Dissolved Pesticides
RESULTS
Sex Steroid Hormones and Vitellogenin
Gonad Histopathology
Contaminant Distribution
Relations Between Contaminants and Biomarkers
DISCUSSION
Use of Biomarkers as Indicators of Potential Endocrine Disruption
Contaminants and Biomarkers
Direction of Future Studies
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A. Characteristics and
Biomarker Values of Individual Male Adult Carp
APPENDIX B. Characteristics and
Biomarker Values of Individual Female Adult Carp
FIGURES
- Map showing locations of sites sampled in relation
to National Water Quality Assessment study units and regions used for data
analysis
- Photomicrographs (7) showing state of sexual
maturation in female and male adult carp
- Photomicrograph of male adult carp gonad showing
evidence of hermaphroditism
4-6. Graphs showing:
- Significant correlations between biomarkers and
contaminants for male adult carp
- Significant correlations between biomarkers and
contaminants for female adult carp
- Correlations of the
17ß-estradiol/11-ketotestosterone (E2/11-KT) ratio with
dissolved pesticide concentrations for male and female adult carp
TABLES
- Study sites and basin land-use characteristics
- Characteristics of female and male adult carp sampled
- Organochlorine pesticides analyzed in fish tissue
samples
- PAHs, phenols, and phthalates analyzed in bed
sediment samples
- Dissolved pesticides analyzed in water samples
- Summary of sex steroid hormone and vitellogenin
levels in blood plasma of male and female adult carp
- Contaminant levels at study sites
- Pearson product-moment correlation matrix of
contaminant groups
- Principal component analysis of tissue and bed
sediment contaminants
- Pearson product-moment correlations between
biomarkers and contaminant groups for male adult carp
- Pearson product-moment correlations between
biomarkers and contaminant groups for female adult carp
- Summary of analyses of correlations between
biomarkers and contaminants for male and female adult carp
CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS
---------------------------------------------------------------
Multiply By To Obtain
---------------------------------------------------------------
centimeter 0.3937 inch
gram 0.03527 ounce, avoirdupois
kilogram 2.205 pound, avoirdupois
square kilometer 0.3861 square mile
liter 33.82 ounce, fluid
milliliter 0.061024 cubic inches
millimeter 0.03937 inch
---------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature is given in degrees Celsius (°C), which can be converted
to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by the following equation:
°F = 1.8(°C) + 32.
Abbreviations Acronyms
cm, centimeter ANCOVA, analysis of covariance
dw, dry weight ANOVA, analysis of variance
g, gram E2/11-KT, ratio of 17b-estradiol to
11-ketotestosterone
in., inch ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
kg, kilogram GIRAS, Geographic Information Retrieval
and Analysis System
km2, square kilometer HSD, Tukey's studentized range test
L, liter NAWQA, National Water Quality Assessment
mg, milligram NWQL, National Water Quality Laboratory
mg/mL, milligram per milliliter PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
mL, milliliter PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
mm, millimeter RIA, radioimmunoassay
ng, nanogram STP, sewage treatment plants
nm, nanometer TBST, tris-buffered saline Tween
pg, picogram
pg/mL, picogram per milliliter
ww, wet weight
µ, microgram
µ/kg, microgram per kilogram
µ/L, microgram per liter
µ/mL, microgram per milliliter
µ/well, microgram per well
µL, microliter
µ, micrometer
Contributing U.S. Geological Survey Staff
Copies of this report are available from:
U.S. Geological Survey
Branch of Information Services
Box 25286
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225
The price of the paper copy is $7.75; microfiche is $4.00
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