SEAWAT Version 4: A computer program for simulation of multi-species solute and heat transport By Christian D. Langevin (U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Lauderdale, Florida), Daniel T. Thorne, Jr. (Georgetown College, Georgetown, Kentucky), Alyssa M. Dausman (U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Lauderdale, Florida), Michael C. Sukop (Florida International University, Miami, Florida), and Weixing Guo (Schlumberger Water Services, Fort Myers, Florida) Summary of SEAWAT Version 4 Abstract The SEAWAT program is a coupled version of MODFLOW and MT3DMS designed to simulate three dimensional, variable-density, saturated ground-water flow. Flexible equations were added to the program to allow fluid density to be calculated as a function of one or more MT3DMS species. Fluid density may also be calculated as a function of fluid pressure. The effect of fluid viscosity variations on ground-water flow was included as an option. Fluid viscosity can be calculated as a function of one or more MT3DMS species, and the program includes additional functions for representing the dependence on temperature. Although MT3DMS and SEAWAT are not explicitly designed to simulate heat transport, temperature can be simulated as one of the species by entering appropriate transport coefficients. For example, the process of heat conduction is mathematically analogous to Fickian diffusion. Heat conduction can be represented in SEAWAT by assigning a thermal diffusivity for the temperature species (instead of a molecular diffusion coefficient for a solute species). Heat exchange with the solid matrix can be treated in a similar manner by using the mathematically equivalent process of solute sorption. By combining flexible equations for fluid density and viscosity with multi-species transport, SEAWAT Version 4 represents variable-density ground-water flow coupled with multi-species solute and heat transport. SEAWAT Version 4 is based on MODFLOW-2000 and MT3DMS and retains all of the functionality of SEAWAT-2000. SEAWAT Version 4 also supports new simulation options for coupling flow and transport, and for representing constant-head boundaries. In previous versions of SEAWAT, the flow equation was solved for every transport timestep, regardless of whether or not there was a large change in fluid density. A new option was implemented in SEAWAT Version 4 that allows users to control how often the flow field is updated. New options were also implemented for representing constant-head boundaries with the Time-Variant Constant-Head (CHD) Package. These options allow for increased flexibility when using CHD flow boundaries with the zero-dispersive flux solute boundaries implemented by MT3DMS at constant-head cells. The report contains revised input instructions for the MT3DMS Dispersion (DSP) Package, Variable-Density Flow (VDF) Package, Viscosity (VSC) Package, and CHD Package. The report concludes with seven cases of an example problem designed to highlight many of the new features. Method The variable-density ground-water flow equation is solved using a finite- difference approximation similar to the one solved by MODFLOW-2000. The solute- transport equation is solved using one of the approaches available with MT3DMS. History SEAWAT Version 4.00.05 2012/10/19 — This version of SEAWAT contains fixes for a problem in the Time-Varying Constant Head Package when the CHDDENSOPT=2 option is used. A fix was implemented for the General-Head Boundary Package in which an incorrect density value was used in the budget routine. A routine was added to deallocate the memory for VDF variables. The MT3DMS well recirculation option did not work with previous SEAWAT versions. This capability is now supported in the present SEAWAT version. MT3DMS contains an error for solute calculations involving large changes in water storage and large time steps. This error is fixed in the present SEAWAT version. Also, an additional mass storage term, "MASS STOR (FLOW MODEL)" is printed to the listing file, which contains the mass change due to changes in water storage. MT3D included this term in the total mass sum, but did not write it to the listing file. Lastly, the density equation of state written to the listing file did not print correctly if the MT3DMS species numbers were not ordered sequentially. (Thanks to T.N. Olsthoorn for identifying many of these issues.) SEAWAT Version 4.00.04 2011/02/07 - This version of SEAWAT contains fixes for a problem in the Drain Observation Package and in the Transport Observation Package. In some instances, the Drain Observation Package would report a non-zero drain flux for a drain that was not receiving water from the aquifer. The error was in the Observation Process and not in the head solution or reported water budgets. There was also a name conflict in the common statement for the Transport Observation Package. It is unclear if this error had any effect on simulation results. The 32 and 64-bit executables released with this distribution were compiled using Intel Visual Fortran Composer, which allows the programs to run on the Windows 7 operating system. SEAWAT Version 4.00.03 2009/09/21 — This version of SEAWAT contains fixes for a variety of issues encountered since version 4.00.02: (1) the GMG solver had problems converging for problems with rewetting (thanks to Kim Gordon for helping identify this problem); (2) the program was updated with MODFLOW Version 1.18.01; (3) there was an error in a conditional statement in the DRT package that may have affected calculated DRT fluxes; (4) the MNW fluxes passed to MT3DMS were offset by one transport time step; (5) the BCF package had problems with rewetting, which was caused by the use of HDRY in a calculation (thanks to Vincent Post for finding this error); (6) an error was corrected in the HUF2 package; (7) if fluid density was specified as a function of pressure, densities were incorrectly updated for cells that had rewet; (8) all tabs were removed from the SEAWAT source code. An additional feature was added to SEAWAT to improve runtimes for variable-density flow and solute transport models with many rivers, wells, and/or general-head boundaries. Density is stored with the package array by specifying an AUXILIARY variable in the respective flow package using the name WELSSMDENSE, RIVSSMDENSE, or GHBSSMDENSE. With this feature, the boundary density is calculated only once for each MODFLOW time step and stored in the package array. This storage occurs right after the SSM routine reads the boundary concentrations. SEAWAT Version 4.00.02 2008/09/19 - This version of SEAWAT contains fixes for two memory conflicts. The first was with the MNW Package. The second was between the OBS Process and the Integrated MT3DMS Process. SEAWAT Version 4.00.01 2008/04/29 — This version of SEAWAT contains a fix for a minor programming error that may have caused the dcdt term of the flow equation to be too large. SEAWAT Version 4.00.00 2008/03/28 — First release of SEAWAT Version 4. SEAWAT now contains capability to simulate simultaneous solute and heat transport. This SEAWAT version contains MODFLOW Version 1.18.00 and MT3DMS Version 5.2. This SEAWAT version also contains fixes for several bugs found in previous SEAWAT versions: (1) groundwater fluxes for perched water table conditions with strong density variations were not calculated properly; (2) in the budget calculations, there was an error in the flux calculated for the front face of constant head cells; (3) for mixed steady state and transient simulations, if the first stress period was specified as steady state, all remaining stress periods were simulated as steady state. SEAWAT-2000 Version 3.13.00 2006/04/21 — This version of SEAWAT was updated with MODFLOW Version 1.16.00. Additionally, ETS and DRT are now compatible with the VDF proces SEAWAT-2000 Version 3.12.00 2006/03/14 — This version of SEAWAT was updated with MT3DMS Version 5.10, which includes a new zero-order growth/decay option within the reactions package. This option may be useful for simulating groundwater age as a separate species. SEAWAT-2000 Version 3.11.02 2005/09/23 — This version of SEAWAT contains a fix for a minor bug that may have caused some transport timesteps to be too short. SEAWAT-2000 Version 3.11.01 2005/07/25 — This version of SEAWAT contains a bug fix for head-dependent flux calculations for some boundary types. SEAWAT-2000 Version 3.11.00 2005/04/29 — Added MODFLOW-2000 Version 1.15.00 and MT3DMS Version 5.00. Also added compatability between MNW wells and the VDF Process for freshwater parts of a model domain. SEAWAT-2000 Version 3.10.01 2004/03/30 — This version of SEAWAT contains bug fixes for three coding errors: (1) In the previous version, the value for HDRY was not always written to the output head file if a cell went dry during the simulation. (2) A runtime error was encountered in certain instances when the IMT Process was used with the GWF Process (instead of the VDF Process). (3) If MODFLOW timesteps were shorter than the calculated transport timestep, the density array was not updated properly. SEAWAT-2000 Version 3.10 2004/02/13 — This version of SEAWAT contains substantial improvements over previous releases. The program is now based on MODFLOW-2000 (Version 1.12.01) and MT3DMS (Version 4.500), and uses the concept of a process. Details of SEAWAT-2000 are described in U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-426. SEAWAT Version 2.12 2002/09/13 — Fixed problem with calculation of EVT fluid density. Thanks to Adam Taylor and Barclay Shoemaker. Also fixed bug in calculation of default riverbed thickness. Thanks to Lou Motz and Nebiyu Tiruneh from the University of Florida for locating this problem. SEAWAT Version 2.11 2002/08/09 — Fixed bug that caused program to bomb for certain problems involving wetting and drying. Thanks to Trayle Kulshan and Steve Gorelick from Stanford University for help in locating this problem. SEAWAT Version 2.10 2002/02/07 — Code consists of MODFLOW-88 and MT3DMS Version 3.50.A. Upgraded the CFACE subroutine with the improved CFACE subroutine from MT3DMS Version 4.00. Reformulated flow equation to conserve fluid mass. Redesigned boundary conditions to represent variable-density flow. Added an iterative method for coupling flow and transport. Program redesigned as double precision. SEAWAT Version 1.1 1998/05/01 — Initially released by Weixing Guo (Missimer International, Inc.) and Gordon D. Bennett (S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.) Data Requirements In order to use SEAWAT, initial conditions, hydraulic properties, and stresses must be specified for every model cell in the finite-difference grid. Output Options Primary output is head and concentration, which can be written to the listing file or to separate binary files. Other output includes the complete listing of all input data, drawdown, flow budget, and transport budget data. Flow budget data are printed as a summary in the listing file, and detailed budget data for all model cells can be written into a separate file. All binary output is written to files that are opened with the FORM='BINARY' option. This means that some pre- and post-processors may not be able to read the output unless the open statements are modified, the program is recompiled, and the model is rerun. System Requirements SEAWAT is written in Fortran 77 with the following extensions: use of variable names longer than 6 characters, Fortran 90 statements for dynamic memory allocation, a call to SUBROUTINE GETARG to retrieve command-line arguments, and two calls to DATE_AND_TIME, which is a Fortran 90 intrinsic subroutine. Generally, the program is easily installed on most computer systems. The code has been used on DOS-based 386 or greater computers having a math coprocessor and 4 mb of memory. Processes GLO1 -- Global Process GWF1 -- Ground-Water Flow Process VDF1 -- Variable-Density Flow Process OBS1 -- Observation Process SEN1 -- Sensitivity Process PES1 -- Parameter-Estimation Process IMT1 -- Integrated MT3DMS Process Process compatibility issues are described in the user's manual. In general, the VDF and IMT Processes are not compatible with SEN and PES, and are only slightly compatible with OBS. VDF is an alternative to GWF, and thus the two cannot be used concurrently in a simulation. Packages Compatible with the Variable-Density Flow (VDF) Process BAS6 -- Basic BCF6 -- Block-Centered Flow LPF -- Layer Property Flow HUF2 -- Hydrogeologic Unit Flow. Note that VDF is not yet compatible with the Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy (LVDA) capability. The LVDA capability should not be used with the VDF process. The VDF process is compatible with the three features described in Open-File Report 03-347. HFB6 -- Hydraulic Flow Barrier DRN -- Drain RIV -- River GHB -- General-Head Boundary EVT -- Evapotranspiration WEL -- Well RCH -- Recharge CHD -- Time-Variant Constant Head FHB -- Flow and Head Boundary MNW -- Multi-Node Well DRT -- Drains with Return Flow ETS -- Evapotranspiration with a Segmented Function SIP -- Strongly Implicit Procedure SOR -- Slice-Successive Overrelaxation PCG -- Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Solver (also called PCG2) DE4 -- Direct Solver GMG -- Geometric Multi-Grid Solver OC -- Output Control Option LMT6 -- Linkage with MT3DMS BTN -- Basic Transport ADV -- Advection DSP -- Dispersion SSM -- Source/Sink Mixing RCT -- Reaction GCG -- Generalized Conjugate Gradient Solver TOB -- Transport Observations OBS -- Observation HOB -- Hydraulic-Head Observation GHOB -- General-Head Boundary Observation DROB -- Drain Observation DTOB -- Drain with Return Flow Observation RVOB -- River Observation CHOB -- Constant-Head Flow Observation Other packages (distributed with MODFLOW-2000) are included in SEAWAT, however, these additional packages may not be compatible with the VDF Process. Documentation The basic documentation is contained in the following three reports: Langevin, C.D., Thorne, D.T., Jr., Dausman, A.M., Sukop, M.C., and Guo, W., 2007, SEAWAT Version 4: A Computer Program for Simulation of Multi-Species Solute and Heat Transport: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods. Book 6, Chapter A22, 39 p. Langevin, C.D., Shoemaker, W.B., and Guo, W., 2003, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model--Documentation of the SEAWAT-2000 Version with the Variable-Density Flow Process (VDF) and the Integrated MT3DMS Transport Process (IMT): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-426, 43 p. Guo, W., and Langevin, C.D., User's guide to SEAWAT: A computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 6, Chapter A7, 77 p. Users will also need documentation for MODFLOW-2000 and MT3DMS, and possibly the references cited in those reports. Point of Contact Support is provided for correcting bugs and clarification of how SEAWAT is intended to work. Only limited assistance can be provided for applying SEAWAT to specific problems by contacting the point of contact listed below: Christian Langevin U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Office of Groundwater 411 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192 Disclaimers and Notices Please refer to the USGS Software User Rights Notice for complete use, copyright, and distribution information. The USGS provides no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the correctness of the furnished software or the suitability for any purpose. The software has been tested, but as with any complex software, there could be undetected errors. Users who find errors are requested to report them to the USGS. References to non-USGS products, trade names, and (or) services are provided for information purposes only and do not constitute endorsement or warranty, express or implied, by the USGS, U.S. Department of Interior, or U.S. Government, as to their suitability, content, usefulness, functioning, completeness, or accuracy.