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Contents

ILLUSTRATIONS
ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued
TABLES
CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Background
Purpose and Scope
NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM SAMPLING DESIGN
SAMPLING DESIGN FOR BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
Establishing Sampling Reaches
Types of Samples Collected
Selecting Sampling Sites and Habitat Types
Appropriate Season and Hydrologic Conditions for Sampling
METHODS FOR COLLECTING BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
Qualitative Multihabitat Sampling Methods
Semi-Quantitative Targeted-Habitat Sampling Methods
Recommendations for Sampling Benthic Invertebrates
Wadeable Coarse-Grained Substrates
Nonwadeable Coarse-Grained Substrates
Wadeable Fine-Grained Substrates
Nonwadeable Fine-Grained Substrates
Woody Snags and Macrophytes
Field Sampling Activities
MAINTENANCE OF SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
SAMPLE PROCESSING AND LABELING
FIELD DATA SHEETS
Qualitative Multihabitat Field Data Sheet
Semi-Quantitative Field Data Sheets
CONTRACT LABORATORIES AND THE BIOLOGICAL
QUALITY-ASSURANCE UNIT
ADAPTING COLLECTION METHODS FOR OTHER NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
SAFETY AND HEALTH
SUMMARY
REFERENCES CITED

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure
1. Diagram showing hypothetical location of a basic fixed site and three associated sampling reaches used for intensive ecological assessments.
2. Matrix of instream habitat types defined by the three-tiered hierarchy of major geomorphic channel units, channel boundaries, and channel features.
3. Examples of sampling equipment used to collect benthic invertebrates.