NAME
sutra - Saturated and (or) unsaturated, constant or variable-density
fluid flow, and solute or energy transport (2-dimensional
finite-element code)
ABSTRACT
SUTRA is a finite-element simulation model for saturated-
unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent ground-water flow with energy
transport or chemically-reactive single-species solute transport.
SUTRA may be employed for areal and cross-sectional modeling of
saturated ground-water flow systems, and for cross-sectional
modeling of unsaturated zone flow. Solute transport simulation
using SUTRA may be employed to model natural or man-induced chemical
species transport including processes of solute sorption, production
and decay, and may be applied to analyze ground-water contaminant
transport problems and aquifer restoration designs. In addition,
solute transport simulation with SUTRA may be used for modeling of
variable density leachate movement, and for cross-sectional modeling
of saltwater intrusion in aquifers in near-well or regional scales,
with either dispersed or relatively sharp transition zones between
freshwater and saltwater. SUTRA energy transport simulation may be
employed to model thermal regimes in aquifers, subsurface heat
conduction, aquifer thermal energy storage systems, geothermal
reservoirs, thermal pollution of aquifers, and natural hydrogeologic
convection systems.
METHOD
The model employs a two-dimensional hybrid finite-element and
integrated-finite-difference method to approximate the governing
equations that describe the two interdependent processes that are
simulated: (1) fluid density-dependent saturated or unsaturated
ground-water flow, and either (2a) transport of a solute in the
ground water, in which the solute may be subject to equilibrium
adsorption on the porous matrix, and both first-order and zero-order
production or decay, or (2b) transport of thermal energy in the
ground water and solid matrix of the aquifer.
HISTORY
Version V09972D - Second revision in 1997. Addition of option to
use Fortran 90 dynamic array dimensioning. Addition of two
output files containing simulation results in simple column
format. No changes to input data format, except that the two new
files and their unit numbers must be specified in the "SUTRA.FIL"
Name File.
Version V06902D - First revision in 1990. Note that input and
output files from the version V12842D are NOT compatible with
version V06902D. Minor modifications in old data files are
necessary as described in the change notes and the revised pages
of the documentation.
Version V12842D - Original version distributed in 1984.
DATA REQUIREMENTS
Two SUTRA data files are required: (1) SUTRA input data and (2)
initial conditions of pressure and concentration or temperature for
the simulation. See documentation for detailed coding instructions
and description of input parameters. Reprogramming of subroutines
BCTIME and UNSAT is required to implement time-dependent boundary
conditions and unsaturated flow functions, respectively.
OUTPUT OPTIONS
A graphical postprocessor, SUTRA-PLOT, developed by Souza (1987) is
available for use with SUTRA. This postprocessor facilitates
interpretation of the simulation results.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
SUTRA is written in Fortran 77 including optional Fortran 90
statements allowing dynamic array allocation. SUTRA requires that
files needed for the simulation be defined prior to execution. A
Name File (SUTRA.FIL) is used for this purpose. For each file (up
to six), the unit number is specified on one record followed by a
record specifying the file name. The format of the Name File is
described in the documentation. Generally, the program is easily
installed on most computer systems. The code has been used on a
wide variety of computers, ranging from UNIX-based computers to DOS-
based 386 computers with as little as 640K of RAM.
DOCUMENTATION
Souza, W.R., 1987, Documentation of a graphical display program for
the saturated-unsaturated transport (SUTRA) finite-element
simulation model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations Report 87-4245, 122 p.
Voss, C.I., 1984, A finite-element simulation model for saturated-
unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent ground-water flow with
energy transport or chemically-reactive single-species solute
transport: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations
Report 84-4369, 409 p.
CONTACTS
Operation:
U.S. Geological Survey
Office of Hydrologic Research
Clifford I. Voss
431 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
cvoss@usgs.gov
Distribution:
U.S. Geological Survey
Hydrologic Analysis Software Support Program
437 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
h2osoft@usgs.gov
Official versions of U.S. Geological Survey water-resources analysis
software are available for electronic retrieval via the World Wide
Web (WWW) at:
http://water.usgs.gov/software/
and via anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) from:
water.usgs.gov (path: /pub/software).
The WWW page and anonymous FTP directory from which the SUTRA
software can be retrieved are, respectively:
http://water.usgs.gov/software/sutra.html
--and--
/pub/software/ground_water/sutra
See http://water.usgs.gov/software/ordering_documentation.html for
information on ordering printed copies of USGS publications.
SEE ALSO
mgenrad(1) - SUTRA utility program to generate a simple mesh
mgenrec(1) - SUTRA utility program to generate a simple mesh
pbcgen(1) - SUTRA utility program to generate hydrostatic
pressure
sutraplt(1) - Graphics postprocessor program for SUTRA
Related models:
moc(1) - Two-dimensional method-of-characteristics
ground-water flow and transport model
modfe(1) - Modular finite-element model for areal and
axisymmetric ground-water flow problems
modflow(1) - Modular three-dimensional ground-water flow
model
Modflowp(1) - Parameter-estimation version of the modular model
vs2di(1) - A graphical software package for simulating fluid flow
and solute or energy transport in variably saturated
porous media