Publication Walvoord, M.A., Voss, C.I., Ebel, B.A., and Minsley, B.J., 2019, Development of perennial thaw zones in boreal hillslopes enhances potential mobilization of permafrost carbon: in Environmental Research Letters, vol. 14, number 1. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf0cc. Data Release Walvoord, M.A., 2019, SUTRA model used to evaluate the development of perennial thaw zones in boreal hillslopes: U.S. Geological Survey data release https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HWCOBP MODEL ARCHIVE ------------- Archive created: 2018-11-6 walvoord2018_ERL/ Description: ----------- The underlying directories contain all of the input and output files for the 11 simulations described in the journal article and the SUTRA source code used to run the simulations. Descriptions of the data in each subdirectory are given to facilitate understanding of this model archive. Files descriptions are provided for select files to provide additional information that may be of use for understanding this model archive. The U.S. Geological Survey numerical code, SUTRA-Ice (Grenier et al., 2018; Voss et al., in press), is used to run the simulations included in this data release. The new verion of SUTRA simulates coupled fluid-flow and heat transport incorporating the non-linear phase change between ice and liquid water and ice-liquid phase transitions account for latent heat of fusion, accompanied by changes in permeability, thermal conduct- ivity, and heat capacity depending on ice/liquid saturation. The model domain for all cases represents a generalized 2-dimensional 100 m-long fully-saturated cross-sectional hillside that slopes downward to the left from the hill top (at elevation 5 m) to a small stream (at elevation 0 m). Details applicable to all cases are provided in the manuscript tentatively titled, "Development of Perennial Thaw Zones in Boreal Hillslopes Enhances the Potential for Mobilization of Permafrost Carbon" by Walvoord et al., and the supporting online material by the same title. Support is provided for correcting errors in the data release and clarification of the modeling conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Users are encouraged to review the complete journal article (https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf0cc) to understand the purpose, documentation report construction, and limitations of this model. Reconstructing the model archive from the online data release: -------------------------------------------------------------- The model archive is available as a data release from: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HWCOBP The models will run successfully only if the correct directory structure is correctly restored. The model archive is broken into several pieces to reduce the likelihood of download timeouts. Small files (readme.txt and modelgeoref.txt) are available as uncompressed files. All other files are zipped at the subdirectory level. For example, the files in the "georef" subdirectory are zipped into a zip file named "georef.zip". All zip files should be unzipped into a directory with the same name as the zip file name without the .zip extension. The highest-level directory structure of the original model archive is: walvoord2018_ERL/ ancillary/ bin/ georef/ model/ output/ source/ The full directory structure of the model archive and the files within each subdirectory are listed below. Running the model(s): -------------------- Eleven different simulations are included in this archive. One of the simulations is for the basecase simulation. The other ten simulations are variations on the basecase. Copy the source executable *.exe into each of the subfolders in the "model" folder. For any subfolder in the "model" folder, double-click on the "RUNSUTRA.BAT" file. This will pull up a DOS window and run the executable using the input files associated with the model case of the subfolder that you are in. Run time should be < 1 hour. New output files will be generated in the same subfolder in which the model was run. Summary of the simulations --------------------------- model.1_BASECASE The "Basecase" model case represents a case in which typical parameter values are used for organic layer (OL) thickness, mineral soil hydraulic and thermal properties, slope, and factors that mediate the exchange between air and ground surface temperature. model.2_REDUCED SNOW (S05_Mk_10OLT - MODIFIED NF = 0.4; UFN = 0.6) The "Reduced Snow" variant of the Basecase represents the case in which winter ground surface temperatures are colder than the basecase scenario. This is imposed using an elevated value for the n-factor during frozen conditions. model.3_REDUCED SHADING (S05_Mk_10OLT -MODIFIED NF=0.3; UNF=0.7) The "Reduced Shading" variant on the Basecase represents the case in which summer ground surface temperatures are warmer than the basecase scenario. This is imposed using an elevated value for the n-factor during thawed conditions. model.4_THICK ORGANIC LAYER (S05_Mk_20OLT) The "Thick Organic Layer" variant on the Basecase represents the case in which the organic layer thickness is double relative to the Basecase. model.5_NO ORGANIC LAYER (S05_Mk_0OLT) The "No Organic Layer" variant on the Basecase represents the case in no organic layer exists. model.6_LOW SLOPE (S01Mk10OLT) The "Low Slope" variant on the Basecase represents the case in which the simulated hillslope is 5 times lower (0.01 vs. 0.5) than the Basecase. model.7_HIGH SLOPE (S10Mk10OLT) The "High Slope" variant on Basecase represents the case in which the simulated hillslope is twice as steep (0.1 vs. 0.5) as the Basecase. model.8_LOW MINERAL SOIL K (S05_Lk_10OLT) The "Low Mineral Soil K" variant on Basecase represents the case in which the specified mineral soil permeability is an order of magnitude lower than the Basecase. model.9_HIGH MINERAL SOIL K AVERAGE OL (S05 Hk_10OLT) The "High Mineral Soil K Average OL " variant on Basecase represents the case in which the specified mineral soil permeability is an order of magnitude greater than the Basecase and the organic layer (OL) has the same thickness as the Basecase OL. model.10_HIGH MINERAL SOIL K THICK OL (S05 Hk_20OLT) The "High Mineral Soil K Thick OL" variant on Basecase represents the case in which the specified mineral soil permeability is an order of magnitude greater than the Basecase and the organic layer (OL) has the double the thickness of the Basecase OL. model.11_HIGH MINERAL SOIL K NO OL (S05 Hk_0OLT) The "High Mineral Soil K No OL" variant on Basecase represents the case in which the specified mineral soil permeability is an order of magnitude greater than the Basecase and no organic layer (OL) exists. Files: ----- readme.txt: This file documents the structure of the model archive. modelgeoref.txt: ASCII file with the four corners of the model domain. Model data files are provided as decimal degrees. ancillary/ Description: ----------- This directory contains the ArgusOne *.mmb files associated with the generation of each of the 11 model cases. These files can be used to run the models but are not needed to run the models. They would be useful to ArgusOne users for model visualization purposes. bin/ Description: ----------- This directory contains the 64-bit executable used to run the simulations documented in the journal article. An enhanced version of SUTRA, SUTRA-Ice, was used for all simulations documented in this data release. Files: ----- SUTRA*.exe: SUTRA-Ice 64-bit windows executable georef/ Description: ----------- This directory contains a shapefile defining the generalized area of the model simulations. Files: ----- walvoord2018_ERL.dbf: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile walvoord2018_ERL.prj: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile walvoord2018_ERL.shp: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile walvoord2018_ERL.shx: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile walvoord2018_ERL.sbx: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile walvoord2018_ERL.cpg: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile walvoord2018_ERL.sbn: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile walvoord2018_ERL.shp.xml: part of the walvoord2018_ERL.shp shapefile model/ Description: ----------- This directory contains input required for each of the 11 cases documented in the journal article. The simulations are organized by subfolder. Each subfolder includes the following files: Mfile.txt: specifies parameters related to time-varying top boundary conditions RUNSUTRA.BAT: the batch file used to run the executable SUTRA.FIL: files to be used/generated *.rst: restart file; *. ics: initial conditions file *.inp: main input file usgs.model.reference: file to register model in time and space output/ Description: ----------- This directory contains all of the output files generated by running the SUTRA executable for each of the 11 cases documented in the journal article. The output is organized by subfolder. Files in each subfolder include: *.ele: model output by element *.nod: model output by node *.lst: listing file *.rst: restart file associated with conditions at the end of the simulation *.smy: summary results file *.obs: output only at specified locations and time intervals. Additional output files generated upon running the model that only used for checking purposes include: fort.73 and Mout.TXT: reports input used for transient upper boundary condition source/ Description: ----------- This directory contains the source files the U.S. Geological Survey numerical code, SUTRA-Ice (Grenier et al., 2018; Voss et al., in press). This version of SUTRA simulates coupled fluid-flow and heat transport incorporating the non-linear phase change between ice and liquid water and ice-liquid phase transitions account for latent heat of fusion, accompanied by changes in permeability, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity depending on ice/liquid saturation. SUTRA-Ice.f: SUTRA source code used to run model simulations. REFERENCES Grenier C, Anbergen H, Bense V, Chanzy Q, Coon E, Collier N, Costard F, Ferry M, Frampton A, Frederick J, Gonçalvès J, Holmén J, Jost A, Kokh S, Kurylyk B, McKenzie JM, Molson J, Moushe E, Orgogozo L, Pannetier R, Rivière A, Roux N, Rühaak W, Scheidegger J, Selroos J-O, Therrien R, Vidstrand P, Voss C (2018) Groundwater flow and heat transport for systems undergoing freeze-thaw: Intercomparison of numerical simulators for 2D test cases. Advances in Water Resources 114:196-218 doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.02.001 Voss C I, Provost A M, McKenzie J M and Kurylyk B L (in press) SUTRA, a Code for Simulation of Saturated-Unsaturated, Variable-Density Groundwater Flow with Solute or Energy Transport – Documentation of the Freeze-Thaw Capability, Saturation and Relative-Permeability Relations, Spatially-Varying Properties, and Enhanced Budget and Velocity Outputs. US Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, 6-A60 https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A60.