PUBLICATION: Davis, K.W., and Long, A.J., 2018, Construction and Calibration of a Groundwater-flow Model to Assess Groundwater Availability in the Uppermost Principal Aquifer Systems of the Williston Structural Basin, United States and Canada, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5158, X p., https://doi.org/10.31333/sir20175158. DATA RELEASE: Davis, K.W., and Long, A.J., 2018, MODFLOW-NWT model used to assess groundwater availability in the uppermost principal aquifer systems of the Williston structural basin, United States and Canada: U.S. Geological Survey data release 20170811 Data release created 20170824 Data release updated based on Watt, M.K. review of data release 20171121 Data release updated based on Valder, J.F. review of data release 20171201 Data release updated based on Sheets, R.A. review of data release 20171201 Data release approved for publication by Williamson, Joyce E. Geological Survey data release: https://doi.org/10.5066/F75B01CZ SIR2017-5158/ DESCRIPTION: ------------ The underlying directories contain all of the input and output files for steady-state and transient groundwater flow models for the uppermost principal aquifer systems in the Williston Structural Basin, United States and Canada (http://dx.doi.org/10.31333/sir20175158). The MODFLOW-NWT (v 1.0.9) (Niswonger and others, 2011) source code for the version of the software used to run the models is also provided. Scripts for running a valley-fill tool are also provided in this data release. These scripts were used to delineate buried glacial deposits that were used for determining aquifer extents for part of the model. These scripts are preliminary or provisional and are subject to revision. They are being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The scripts have not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). No warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS or the U.S. Government as to the functionality of the scripts and related material nor shall the fact of release constitute any such warranty. The scripts are provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the scripts. Descriptions of the data in each subdirectory are given to facilitate understanding of this data release. Longer files descriptions are provided for select files to provide additional information. Support is provided for correcting errors in the data release and clarification of the modeling conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Users are encouraged to review the model documentation report (https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175158) to understand the purpose, construction, and limitations of this model. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. System requirements: -------------------- The models contained in this data release were run using the MODFLOW-NWT_64.exe executable (MODFLOW-NWT v1.0.9) in the bin directory in this data release. MODFLOW-NWT_64.exe was compiled using the Intel(R) Visual Fortran 64-bit compiler (version 14.0.0092.11) for Windows and the Visual C++ 2012 compiler. The models require approximately 4 MB of available Random Access Memory (RAM). The models have been run successfully on computers running the following Windows operating systems (OS): - 64-bit Windows 10 OS The source code has also been successfully compiled using the GFortran compiler and run on computers using the Mac OS X Mavericks (10.9) and SUSE Linux operating systems. Reconstructing the data release from the online data release files: ------------------------------------------------------------- This data release is available from: https://doi.org/10.5066/F75B01CZ The models will run successfully only if the original directory structure is correctly restored. The original directory structure is: \SIR2017-5158\ .\readme.txt .\modelgeoref.txt .\ancillary\ .\ancillary\doc\ .\ancillary\GWV\ .\ancillary\pest13\ .\ancillary\valley-fill_tool\ .\ancillary\ZONEBUDGET\ .\bin\ .\georef\ .\model\ .\model\pre_1960 .\model\steady_state\ .\model\tr1961-2005 .\output\ .\output\output.pre_1960\ .\output\output.steady_state .\output\output.tr1961-2005 .\source\ The data release is broken into several pieces to reduce the likelihood of timeouts during download. Small files (README.txt and modelgeoref.txt) are available as uncompressed files and should be in the directory SIR2017-5158\. The method to assemble the model files is: (1) Create the directory .\SIR2017-5158\. (2) Download the files for this data release into directory .\SIR2017-5158\. (3) From directory .\SIR2017-5158\, place the zip files into the following directories: ===zip file name==== ===Final designated directory== ancillary.zip .\SIR2017-5158\ancillary\ bin.zip .\SIR2017-5158\bin\ georef.zip .\SIR2017-5158\georef\ model.zip .\SIR2017-5158\model\ output.zip .\SIR2017-5158\output\ source.zip .\SIR2017-5158\source\ doi10.5066_F75B01CZ_webrelease.zip .\SIR2017-5158\webrelease\ (4) Uncompress each zip file in the final designated directories. This will put the zip file contents into the correct subdirectories. (5) Delete the zip files. All the files from the zip files are described in the "Files" section of this document. Running the model(s): --------------------- The models can be run by opening a command line/terminal window, changing to the appropriate directory, and typing the name of the appropriate batch (.bat) file. The models can be ran independently or by using PEST (Doherty, 2010), a model independent Parameter ESTimation computer program. Running the model independently or through PEST will produce the same results. PEST can be used to run the models because it helps facilitate the creation of the MODFLOW input files and interpretation of the MODFLOW output files. PEST creates some of the MODFLOW-NWT input files and runs the MODFLOW-NWT model. MODFLOW-NWT is used to calculate groundwater flow in the Williston Basin. PEST then reads the model outputs and provides several output files that are useful for interpreting the MODFLOW-NWT results. The PEST input and output files are provided for reference only and are located in the .\ancillary\ subdirectory of this data release. ZONEBUDGET can be used to calculate sub-regional groundwater flow budgets within the model area. The ZONEBUDGET input and output files are located in the .\ancillary\ subdirectory of this data release. For both the steady-state and transient models, the file references are explicit--when the models are run, the existing output files will be overwritten unless the user changes the name file for each simulation. Additionally, the models are post-processed using ZONEBUDGET. The existing ZONEBUDGET outputs are overwritten when the model outputs are post-processed using ZONEBUDGET. A. To run the models independently of PEST: 1. The steady-state model is run from the command line. To run the steady-state period model, change the directory to the .\model\steady_state\ subdirectory and enter: run_ss.bat The MODFLOW-NWT executable is in the bin subdirectory. The runtime for the steady-state model is about 7 minutes. The output files from the steady-state model will be created in the .\output\output.steady_state subdirectory. 2. The transient model is run as a sequence of two separate MODFLOW-NWT models: (1) a steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model for pre-1960 and (2) a transient MODFLOW-NWT model for 1961 through 2005. from the command line. a. To run the pre-1960 model, change the directory to the .\model\pre_1960 subdirectory and enter: run_pre1960.bat The MODFLOW-NWT executable is in the bin subdirectory. The runtime for the pre-1960 model is about 5 minutes. The output files from the steady-state model will be created in the .\output\output.pre_1960\ subdirectory. b. To run the 1961-2005 transient model, change the directory to the .\model\tr1961-2005 subdirectory and enter: run_tr_modflow.bat The model program executable is in the bin subdirectory. The runtime for the transient model is typically around 3 hours but can be up to about 5 hours depending on the computer hardware used. The output files from the transient model will be created in the .\output\output.tr1961-2005\ subdirectory. B. To run the model in conjunction with PEST: 1. The PEST version of the steady-state model is run from the command line. To run the PEST version of the steady-state period model, change the directory to the .\ancillary\pest13\ subdirectory and enter: run_ss_pest.bat The MODFLOW-NWT executable is in the .\bin\ subdirectory and the PEST executable is in the .\ancillary\pest13\bin\ subdirectory. The runtime for the steady-state model is about 7 minutes. The output files from the steady-state model will be created in the .\output\output.steady_state\ subdirectory and the PEST outputs will be created in the .\ancillary\pest13\output\output.steady_state subdirectory. 2. The PEST version of the transient model is run from the command line. To run the PEST version of the transient period model, change the directory to the .\ancillary\pest13\ subdirectory and enter: run_tr_pest.bat The MODFLOW-NWT executable is in the .\bin\ subdirectory and the PEST executable is in the .\ancillary\pest13\bin\ subdirectory. The runtime for the transient model is typically around 3 hours but can be up to about 5 hours depending on the computer hardware used. The output files from the steady-state model will be created in the .\output\output.tr1961-2005\ subdirectory and the PEST outputs will be created in the .\ancillary\pest13\output\output.tr1961-2005 subdirectory. C. Create sub-regional MODFLOW-NWT model water budgets using ZONEBUDGET. a. ZONEBUDGET processes the output files from the steady-state and transient models, and therefore, will run not run correctly unless all of the model output files are present. After the model runs are completed (either independently or using PEST), ZONEBUDGET can be run from the command line. To run ZONEBUDGET, change the directory to the .\ancillary\ZONEBUDGET\ subdirectory and enter: zbud_process.bat The ZONEBUDGET executable is in the .\bin\ subdirectory. The output files from ZONEBUDGET are created in the .\ancillary\ZONEBUDGET\output\ subdirectory. Files: ----- The files in each directory are described below, by directory and subdirectory: A. \SIR2017-5158\ 1. .\modelgeoref.txt: ASCII file with the four corners of the model domain. Model data files are in the NAD 1983 Lambert Conformal Conic projection, in feet. Both latitude and longitude and Lambert Conformal Conic coordinates are provided. Coordinates of the upper left hand corner of the MODFLOW model coordinates represent row 1, column 1. The MODFLOW model grid was not rotated. 2. .\readme.txt: This file. The readme file documents the structure, directories and files, and instructions on how to run the model for this data release. B. \SIR2017-5158\ancillary\ this directory contains the targpest executable, PEST executable, input, and output files, and the ZONEBUDGET input and output files. 1. .\doc\ directory contains the documentation report associated with this data release a. .\sir20175158.pdf: documentation report associated with this data release b. .\sir20175158_appendix_1.xlsx: tables for appendix 1 in the report associated with this data release c. .\sir20175158_appendix_2.xlsx: tables for appendix 2 in the report associated with this data release 2. .\GWV\ directory contains one executable distributed with Groundwater Vistas (Rumbaugh and Rumbaugh, 2011) for use in running the models in conjunction with PEST a. .\targpest.exe: executable distributed with Groundwater Vistas (Rumbaugh and Rumbaugh, 2011) that is used in conjunction with PEST which reads the MODFLOW-NWT cell-by-cell and head output files to provide calibration target information for PEST interpretation 3. .\valley-fill_tool\ directory contains the scripts needed to run the valley-fill tool that was used to delineate burried glacial deposits in model layer 2. 4. .\pest13\ directory contains PEST executables used in pre- and post-processing results of the MODFLOW-NWT model, and the input and output files from PEST execution a. .\run_ss_pest.bat: batch file is used to run PEST in conjunction with the steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model b. .\run_tr_pest.bat: batch files is used to run PEST in conjunction with the transient MODFLOW-NWT model c. .\bin\ directory contains the PEST executables used in pre- and post-processing results of the MODFLOW-NWT model .\fac2real.exe .\i64pest.exe .\kmakr.exe .\par2par.exe .\parm3d.exe .\PPK2FAC.EXE d. .\input\ directory contains the inputs for PEST execution i. .\steady_state\ directory contains the input files for executing PEST in conjunction with the steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model (362 files) .\defk#.dat (#s 1-8) .\defkz#.dat (#s 1-8) .\drain.tpl .\drn_par2par.dat .\drn_par2par.tpl .\fac2real#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\fac2realz#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\factors#.dat (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\factorz#.dat (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\gage.out.ins .\kmakr#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\kmakrz#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\kzone#.inf (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\kzzone#.inf (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\lay#.inf (#s 1-8) .\layZ#.inf (#s 1-8) .\parm3d_kx.in .\parm3d_kx_control.dat .\parm3d_kz.in .\parm3d_kz_control.dat .\pest_ss.pst .\points#.dat (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\points#.tpl (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\pointz#.dat (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\pointz#.tpl (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\pointz_par2par.dat .\pointz_par2par.tpl .\ppk2fac#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\ppk2facz#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\ppkreg#.in (#s 1-24) .\recharge.tpl .\reg#.dat (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\regz#.dat (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\riv_par2par.dat .\riv_par2par.tpl .\sd#.ref (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\sdz#.ref (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\settings.fig .\SFR.tpl .\sfr_par2par.dat .\SFR_par2par.tpl .\ss23.spc .\ss23#._kx (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\ss23#._kz (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\ss23_zone#.ref (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\ss23_zoneZ#.ref (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\struct.dat .\targpest.dat .\targpest.ins .\twoarray#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) .\twoarrayZ#.in (#s 1-8, 10-13) ii. .\tr1961-2005\ directory contains the input files for executing PEST in conjunction with the transient MODFLOW-NWT model (9 files) .\gage.ins .\mnw1.tpl .\pest_tr.pst .\pestgv.bat .\qsum.ins .\ss.tpl .\sy.tpl .\targpest.dat .\targpest.ins e. .\output\ directory contains the outputs from PEST i. .\output.steady_state\ directory contains the outputs from PEST for the steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model .\pest_ss.jst .\pest_ss.par .\pest_ss.rec .\pest_ss.rei .\pest_ss.res .\pest_ss.rst .\pest_ss.sen .\pest_ss.seo .\pest_ss.svd .\targpest.out ii. .\output.tr1961-2005\ directory contains the outputs from PEST for the transient MODFLOW-NWT model .\pest_tr.jst .\pest_tr.par .\pest_tr.rec .\pest_tr.rei .\pest_tr.res .\pest_tr.rst .\pest_tr.sen .\pest_tr.seo .\pest_tr.svd .\targpest.out 4. .\ZONEBUDGET\ directory contains the inputs and outputs from ZONEBUDGET for sub-regional water budgets for the MODFLOW-NWT models a. .\zbud_process.bat batch file is used to create sub-regional water budgets for the MODFLOW-NWT model. This batch file processes the steady-state, pre-1960, and transient (1961-2005) MODFLOW-NWT cell-by-cell output files to produce water budgets for the control volume described in Davis and Long (2018) b. .\input\ directory contains the input files for ZONEBUDGET .\zbud_in_pre1960.txt .\zbud_in_ss.txt .\zbud_in_tr.txt .\zbud_in_tr1961-2005.txt .\zones.dat c. .\output\ directory contains the output files for ZONEBUDGET .\zbud_pre1960.zbl .\zbud_ss.zbl .\zbud_tr1961-2005.zbl C. \SIR2017-5158\bin\ directory contains the 64-bit MODFLOW-NWT executable used to run the steady-state and transient Williston Basin groundwater flow models. The ZONEBUDGET executable is also provided that was used to produce sub-regional groundwater flow budgets for the MODFLOW-NWT model. 1. .\MODFLOW-NWT_64.exe: MODFLOW-NWT executable used for this simulation. 2. .\zonbud.exe: Executable used for computing subregional water budgets for the MODFLOW simulation described in this data release D. \SIR2017-5158\georef\ directory contains shapefiles defining the active and inactive model areas. 1. .\sir2017_5158.shp: GIS shapefile of the extent of the Williston Basin MODFLOW model. The Area attribute defines the active and inactive model areas. E. \SIR2017-5158\model\ 1. .\externalfiles\ directory contains files used in two or more of the model directories described below a. .\ibound\ directory contains the ibound arrays read by the MODFLOW Basic Package .\ibound1.dat .\ibound2.dat .\ibound3.dat .\ibound4.dat .\ibound5.dat .\ibound6.dat .\ibound7.dat .\ibound8.dat b. .\kx\ directory contains the horizontal hydraulic conductivity array read by the MODFLOW Upstream-Weighting Package .\ss23._kx c. .\kz\ directory contains the vertical hydraulic conductivity array read by the MODFLOW Upstream-Weighting Package .\ss23._kz d. .\surfs\ directory contains the layer altitude arrays read by the MODFLOW Discretization Package .\bot1.dat .\bot2.dat .\bot3.dat .\bot4.dat .\bot5.dat .\bot6.dat .\bot7.dat .\bot8.dat .\top1.dat e. .\rch_rate.dat file contains the spatially distributed recharge rate read by the MODFLOW Recharge Package for the steady-state and pre-1960 models. f. .\rch_zones.dat file contains the zone numbers read by the MODFLOW Recharge Package 2. .\steady_state\ directory contains the files needed to run the Williston Basin steady-state MODFLOW model .\run_ss.bat batch file that is used to run the steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model .\ss23.bas input for the MODFLOW Basic Package .\ss23.chd input for the MODFLOW Time-Variant Specified-Head Package .\ss23.dis input for the MODFLOW Discretization Package .\ss23.drn input for the MODFLOW Drain Package .\ss23.gag input for the MODFLOW Gage Package .\ss23.in.hds binary file that contains the starting heads for the steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model .\ss23.mult input for the MODFLOW Multiplier Option .\ss23.nam input for the MODFLOW Name file .\ss23.nwt input for the MODFLOW Newtonian (NWT) solver .\ss23.oc input for the MODFLOW output control .\ss23.rch input for the MODFLOW Recharge Package .\ss23.riv input for the MODFLOW River Package .\ss23.sfr input for the MODFLOW Streamflow-Routing Package .\ss23.upw input for the MODFLOW Upstream-Weighting Package .\ss23.wel input for the MODFLOW Well Package .\ss23.zone input for the MODFLOW Zone option .\usgs.model.reference USGS required model file to register model in space and time 3. .\pre_1960\ directory contains the files needed to run the pre-1960 part of the transient model. These files are the same as the files needed to run the steady-state model although they do not contain the Well Package, which is used to simulate groundwater withdrawal. .\run_pre1960.bat batch file used to run the pre-1960 MODFLOW-NWT model without pumping .\ss23_nopump.in.hds binary file that contains the starting heads for the pre-1960 MODFLOW-NWT model .\ss23_nopump.nam input for the MODFLOW Name file .\usgs.model.reference USGS required model file to register model in space and time 4. .\tr1961-2005\ directory contains the files needed to run the transient MODFLOW-NWT model .\run_tr.bat batch file used to run the transient version of the Williston Basin model representing years 1961-2005 .\tr.bas input for the MODFLOW Basic Package .\tr.chd input for the MODFLOW Time-Variant Specified-Head Package .\tr.dis input for the MODFLOW Discretization Package .\tr.drn input for the MODFLOW Drain Package .\tr.gag input for the MODFLOW Gage Package .\tr.mnw input for the MODFLOW Multi-Node Well Package .\tr.mult input for the MODFLOW Multiplier Option .\tr.nam input for the MODFLOW Name file .\tr.nwt input for the MODFLOW Newtonian (NWT) solver .\tr.oc input for the MODFLOW output control .\tr.rch input for the MODFLOW Recharge Package .\tr.riv input for the MODFLOW River Package .\tr.sfr input for the MODFLOW Streamflow-Routing Package .\tr.upw input for the MODFLOW Upstream-Weighting Package .\tr.wel input for the MODFLOW Well Package .\tr.zone input for the MODFLOW Zone option .\usgs.model.reference USGS required model file to register model in space and time b. .\arrays\ directory contains arrays used in the transient MODFLOW-NWT model i. .\tr.in.hds binary file that contains the starting heads for the transient MODFLOW-NWT model ii. .\props\ directory contains the specific storage, and specific yield arrays read by the MODFLOW Upstream-Weighting Package .\tr._ss .\tr._sy iii. .\rch_arrays\ directory contains the spatially variable recharge arrays for each model stress period read by the MODFLOW Recharge Package and the zone array for the spatially variable recharge multipliers .\rch_rate#.dat (#s 1-29; # is stress period number) .\rch_zones.dat F. \SIR2017-5158\output\ directory contains the output from the steady-state and transient MODFLOW-NWT models 1. .\output.steady_state\ directory contains output for the steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model .\ss23.cbb MODFLOW binary cell-by-cell output file .\ss23.gag.out output from the MODFLOW Gage package .\ss23.hds MODFLOW binary head output file .\ss23.lst MODFLOW listing file .\ss23.sfr.out output for the Streamflow Routing Package 2. .\output.pre_1960\ directory contains the output for the steady-state version of the MODFLOW-NWT model without groundwater pumping .\ss23_nopump.cbb MODFLOW binary cell-by-cell output file .\ss23_nopump.gag.out output from the MODFLOW Gage package .\ss23_nopump.hds MODFLOW binary head output file .\ss23_nopump.lst MODFLOW listing file .\ss23_nopump.sfr.out output for the Streamflow Routing Package 3. .\output.tr1961-2005\ directory contains the output for the transient MODFLOW-NWT model .\mnw_bynode.dat output from the MODFLOW Multi-Node Well Package .\mnw_qsum.dat output from the MODFLOW Multi-Node Well Package .\reduced_wells.out output from the MODFLOW Well Package showing wells with reduced pumping .\tr-w.wel output from the MODFLOW Multi-Node Well Package .\tr.cbb MODFLOW binary cell-by-cell output file .\tr.gag.out output from the MODFLOW Gage package .\tr.hds MODFLOW binary head output file .\tr.lst MODFLOW listing file .\tr.sfr.out output for the Streamflow Routing Package a. .\MNW_output\ directory contains output files for individual wells represented by the MODFLOW Multi-Node Well Package (571 files) .\OUTput_MNW.#.txt (# is the Multi-Node Well site number from .\model\tr1961-2005\tr.mnw; non-sequential #s 1 through 1586) G. \SIR2017-5158\source\ directory contains the source code for USGS programs contained in this data release 1. .\MODFLOW-NWT_1.0.9\ directory contains the source code for MODFLOW-NWT 2. .\Zonebudget_3.01\ directory contains the source code for ZONEBUDGET H. \SIR2017-5158\webrelease\ directory zip files for web release. 1. .\SIR2017-5158Thumbnail.jpg: An image of the model area, which is in the metadata 2. .\sir2017-5158.xml: The metadata for this data release References: ----------- Davis, K.W., and Long, A.J., 2018, Construction and calibration of a groundwater-flow model to assess groundwater availability in the uppermost principal aquifer systems of the Williston structural basin, United States and Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5158 , https://doi.org/10.31333/sir20175158. Doherty, John, 2003, Ground water model calibration using pilot points and regularization: Groundwater, v. 41, no. 2, p. 170–177. [Also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02580.x.]. Doherty, John, 2010, PEST, model independent parameter estimation—User manual (5th ed.): Brisbane, Australia, Watermark Numerical Computing, accessed July 26, 2011, at http://pesthomepage.org/. Harbaugh, A.W., 1990, A computer program for calculating subregional water budgets using results from the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-392, 46 p, https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/zonebud3/zonebudget3.html. Rumbaugh, J.O., and Rumbaugh, D.B., 2011, Guide to using Groundwater Vistas: Environmental Simulations, Inc., Reinholds, Penn., 213 p.