NAME
dr3m - Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model--version II
ABSTRACT
DR3M is a watershed model for routing storm runoff through a
Branched system of pipes and (or) natural channels using rainfall as
input. DR3M provides detailed simulation of storm-runoff periods
selected by the user. There is daily soil-moisture accounting
between storms. A drainage basin is represented as a set of
overland-flow, channel, and reservoir segments, which jointly
describe the drainage features of the basin. This model is usually
used to simulate small urban basins. Interflow and base flow are
not simulated. Snow accumulation and snowmelt are not simulated.
METHOD
The rainfall-excess components include soil-moisture accounting,
pervious-area rainfall excess, impervious-area rainfall excess, and
parameter optimization. The Green-Ampt equation is used in the
calculations of infiltration and pervious area rainfall excess. A
Rosenbrock optimization procedure may be used to aid in calibrating
several of the infiltration and soil-moisture accounting parameters.
Kinematic wave theory is used for both overland-flow and channel
routing. There are three solution techniques available: method of
characteristics, implicit finite difference method, and explicit
finite difference method. Two soil types may be defined. Overland
flow may be defined as turbulent or laminar. Detention reservoirs
may be simulated as linear storage or using a modified-Puls method.
Channel segments may be defined as gutter, pipe, triangular cross
section, or by explicitly specifying the kinematic channel
parameters alpha and m.
HISTORY
1991 - DR3M-version II, added option to output simulated time-series
data to Watershed Data Management (WDM) file. Output file
modified to reduce width from 132 characters to 80 characters or
less.
1984 - DR3M-version II, WDM file replaces "card" input of time-
series data.
1982 - DR3M-version II, added two solution techniques for kinematic
wave routing. Improved general output.
1978 - Original DR3M version, incorporated the routing component
from a version of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
catchment model into the lumped parameter rainfall-runoff model.
1972 - A lumped parameter rainfall-runoff model for small rural
watersheds
DATA REQUIREMENTS
Daily precipitation, daily evapotranspiration, and short-interval
precipitation are required. Short-interval discharge is required
for the optimization option and to calibrate the model. These time
series are read from a WDM file. Roughness and hydraulics
parameters and sub-catchment areas are required to define the basin.
Six parameters are required to calculate infiltration and soil-
moisture accounting. Up to three rainfall stations may be used.
Two soil types may be defined. A total of 99 flow planes, channels,
pipes, reservoirs, and junctions may be used to define the basin.
OUTPUT OPTIONS
The computed outflow from any flow plane, pipe, or channel segment
for each storm period may be written to the output file or to the
WDM file. A summary of the measured and simulated rainfall, runoff,
and peak flows is written to the output file. A flat file
containing the storm rainfall, measured flow (if available), and
simulated flow at user selected sites can be generated. A flat file
for each storm containing the total rainfall, the measured peak flow
(if available), and the simulated peak flow for user-selected sites
can be generated.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
DR3M is written in Fortran 77 with the following extension: use of
include files. The UTIL, ADWDM, and WDM libraries from LIB are used.
A subset of these libraries is provided with the code and may be
used instead of the libraries, this subset uses INTEGER*4 and mixed
type equivalence. For more information, see System Requirements in
LIB.
DOCUMENTATION
Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1982, Distributed routing rainfall-
runoff model--version II: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 82-344, 201 p.
RELATED DOCUMENTATION
Flynn, K.M., Hummel, P.R., Lumb, A.M., Kittle, J.L., Jr., 1995,
User's manual for ANNIE, version 2, a computer program for
interactive hydrologic data management: U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Resources Investigations 95-4085, 211 p.
REFERENCES
Dawdy, D.R., Lichty, R.W., and Bergmann, J.M., 1972, A rainfall-
runoff simulation model for estimation of flood peaks for small
drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 506-B,
28 p.
Dawdy, D.R., Schaake, J.C., Jr., and Alley, W.M., 1978, User's guide
for distributed routing rainfall-runoff model: U.S. Geological
Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-90, 146 p.
Doyle, H.W., Jr., and Miller, J.E., 1980, Calibration of a
distributed routing rainfall-runoff model at four urban sites
near Miami, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations Report 80-1, 87 p.
Guay, J.R., and Smith, P.E., 1988, Simulation of quantity and
quality of storm runoff for urban catchments in Fresno,
California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations Report 88-4125, 76 p.
Leclerc, Guy, and Schaake, J.C., Jr., 1973, Methodology for
assessing the potential impact of urban development on urban
runoff and the relative efficiency of runoff control
alternatives: Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory Report no. 167,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 257 p.
TRAINING
Watershed Systems Modeling I (SW2008TC), offered annually at the
USGS National Training Center.
Watershed Systems Modeling II (SW3018TC), offered upon request at
the USGS National Training Center.
CONTACTS
Operation and Distribution:
U.S. Geological Survey
Hydrologic Analysis Software Support Program
437 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
h2osoft@usgs.gov
Official versions of U.S. Geological Survey water-resources analysis
software are available for electronic retrieval via the World Wide
Web (WWW) at:
http://water.usgs.gov/software/
and via anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) from:
water.usgs.gov (path: /pub/software).
The WWW page and anonymous FTP directory from which the DR3M
software can be retrieved are, respectively:
http://water.usgs.gov/software/dr3m.html
--and--
/pub/software/surface_water/dr3m
SEE ALSO
annie(1) - Program to list, table, plot data in a WDM file
dr3m-qual - Multi-event urban runoff quality model
iowdm(1) - Program to store time-series data in a WDM file
wdm(1) - Watershed Data Management system