U.S. Geological Survey 2011 vector digital data Portland, OR U.S. Geological Survey http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?sprague_river_oregon_geomorphology Geomorphic mapping establishes the basic context for understanding modern channel conditions by (1) defining major elements of the late Cenozoic geologic history shaping the geomorphology of the study area; and (2) outlining the active geomorphic floodplain, which is the domain for assessing channel change and floodplain vegetation conditions. The mapping domain broadly corresponds with the extent of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) topography acquired in November, 2004 (Watershed Sciences, 2005) and includes the broad alluvial valleys of the lower Sycan River, mainstem Sprague River, and lower North Fork of the Sprague River. The mapping encompasses the main floodplains and contiguous alluvial and colluvial landforms. The geomorphic mapping was based on aerial photographs, LiDAR topography acquired in November 2004 (Watershed Sciences, 2005), U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute topographic maps, existing soil mapping (Cahoon, 1985), prior geologic mapping (primarily Sherrod and Pickthorn, 1992), reconnaissance field observations, and stratigraphic sections, primarily along bank exposures but supplemented by augering. The overall objective of this study of the Sprague River basin is to provide understanding on (1) recent changes to the fluvial systems of the basin, (2) important geomorphic processes and conditions, and (3) their spatial variability and controls. The primary focus of our analysis was the 139 kilometers (km) of the mainstem Sprague River, the lower 16 km of the North Fork Sprague River, the lower 20 km of the South Fork Sprague River, and the lower 20 km of the Sycan River. Collectively, this part of the river network encompasses most of the low gradient reaches historically subject to agriculture and livestock grazing, as well as more recent channel restoration activities. Our analyses and findings were supported by (1) mapping and measurement of channel and floodplain features from historical maps and aerial photographs, and by high resolution LiDAR topography acquired in 2004, (2) stratigraphic measurements and analyses of floodplain deposits, (3) surveying the effects of 2006 high flows, and (4) geomorphic mapping based on soils, sedimentology and topography. Citations: Cahoon, J., 1985, Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon (southern part). U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 289 p. Sherrod. D. R., and Pickthorn, L.B.G., 1992, Geologic map of the west half of the Klamath Falls 1º by 2º quadrangle, south-central Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2182. Watershed Sciences, 2005, Sprague River LiDAR remote sensing and data collection. Submitted to the Klamath Tribes, Chiloquin, Oregon, 44 p. 2004 ground condition Complete None planned -121.883654 -120.954829 42.635828 42.343441 None inlandWaters geomorphology LiDAR Geographic Names Information System Sprague River Oregon Klamath County None Klamath Basin None The U.S. Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Jim O'Connor U.S. Geological Survey Research Hydrologist mailing address

2130 SW 5th Avenue

Portland OR 97201 USA 503-251-3222 N/A 503-251-3470 oconnor@usgs.gov (Warning: Although accurate at the time of production, this information may have become obsolete. See the Metadata_Reference_Information section for a current contact.) http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/Sprague_River_Oregon_Geomorphology.jpg Illustration of data set JPEG Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3500 Features were interpreted and digitized at scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:10,000, using the 2004 LiDAR as a base. Data are topologically correct in ArcGIS. Topology rules were used to edit features and verify that polygons were completely enclosed. Data are complete. Features were interpreted and digitized at scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:10,000, using the 2004 LiDAR as a base. The LiDAR laser points had a root-mean-square error of 0.098 meters when compared to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service control points (Watershed Sciences, 2005). U.S. Department of Agriculture 1985 document and map Cahoon, Joe. 1985. Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon; southern part. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. paper 1985 publication date Cahoon (1985) Identification of soils developed on geomorphic surfaces U.S Geological Survey Unknown 24,000 stable-base material 1985 1988 ground condition DRG Topographic contours used as an elevation guide Watershed Sciences 2005 raster digital data Watershed Sciences, 2005, Sprague River LiDAR Remote Sensing and Data Collection. Submitted to the Klamath Tribes. raster digital data 2004 ground condition 2004 LiDAR Base data for interpretation USDA-FSA-APFO Aerial Photography Field Office 2006 remote-sensing image Salt Lake City, Utah USDA_FSA_APFO Aerial Photography Field Office one-meter resolution color orthophotographs aerial photography 20050713 20050806 ground condition 2005 NAIP Base image for interpretation Natural Resources Conservation Service 1985 map and tabular data Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Oregon Soil Survey Data. Klamath, OR640 Klamath County, southern part. Tabular and Spatial GIS data. Maps compiled from 1975 U.S. Geological Survey orthophotography. Published in Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon; southern part. 1985. http://www.or.nrcs.usda.gov/pnw_soil/or_data.html digital map and tabular data 1985 publication date NRCS (1985) Identification of soils developed on geomorphic surfaces U.S. Geological Survey 1992 map Sherrod, D.R., and Pickthorn, L.G., 1992, Geologic map of the west half of the Klamath Falls 1 X 2 Degree Quadrangle, south-central Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-2182, scale 1:250,000, 1 sheet. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i2182 paper 1992 publication date Sherrod and Pickthorn (1992) Background information on area geology Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 1975 document Soil Survey Staff, 1975, Soil Taxonomy, A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soils surveys: Soil Conservation Service U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 436, 754 p. paper 1975 publication date Soil Survey Staff (1975) Interpretation of soils developed on geomorphic surfaces Watershed Sciences 2005 document Report submitted to Klamath Tribes by Watershed Sciences Electronic report 2005 publication date Watershed Sciences (2005) Documentation of LiDAR used as a base for mapping Digitizing: Features seen in aerial photographs were outlined using a polyline feature class. Features were digitized at scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:10,000, using the 2004 LiDAR topography as a base 2004 LiDAR DRG 2008 Points within a feature class containing the mapping units for the features were digitized in each enclosed area. Cahoon (1985) DRG 2004 LiDAR 2005 NAIP NRCS (1985) Sherrod and Pickthorn (1992) Soil Survey Staff (1975) Watershed Sciences (2005) 2008 An ESRI geodatabase topology rule of "no dangles" was used for editing. This required that both ends of every line connected to another line and ensured that all polygons were completely enclosed. 2011 The line and point feature classes were converted to polygons using the "Feature To Polygon" tool in ArcToolbox. 2011 The "Dissolve" tool in ArcToolbox was used to remove adjacent polygons with the same attributes. 2011 Vector G-polygon 412 Universal Transverse Mercator 10 0.999600 -123.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 coordinate pair 0.000100 0.000100 meters North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137.000000 298.257222 Sprague_River_Oregon_Geomorphology Geomorphic units in and adjacent to floodplains along the North Fork Sprague, South Fork Sprague, mainstem Sprague, and Sycan Rivers U.S. Geological Survey OBJECTID Internal feature number. ESRI Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. SHAPE Feature geometry. ESRI Coordinates defining the features. SHAPE_Length Length of feature in meters. ESRI Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. SHAPE_Area Area of feature in meters squared. ESRI Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Unit Geomorphic units in and adjacent to floodplains along the North Fork Sprague, South Fork Sprague, mainstem Sprague, and Sycan rivers U.S. Geological Survey Abandoned Fan Incised tributary fan deposits, surfaces as much as 30 meters above active channels. These shallowly sloping (less than 10 degrees) alluvial transport surfaces have been incised because of base-level fall. Large abandoned fan complexes border the southern Sprague River valley in the Buttes of the Gods and Council Butte valley segments. Constriction of the valley by one such fan near the settlement of Sprague River separates these two valley segments. Locally, abandoned fan surfaces are enumerated 1 through 4 on the basis of increasing degree of incision (and presumably age). The older surfaces have only isolated remnants of original transport surfaces, underlain by fluvial gravel, separated younger (and lower) fan and tributary surfaces and by slopes formed in the underlying Tertiary lacustrine sediment. Some abandoned fan surfaces, such as those south of the Sprague River valley near Beatty and Bly, are partly formed of pumiceous pyroclastic flow deposits derived from Tertiary volcanic centers to the south (Sherrod and Pickthorn, 1992). Near the Sprague and Sycan rivers, these tributary fan deposits are locally interbedded with mainstem fluvial channel and overbank deposits. Primary soil taxonomic classes on abandoned fan surfaces include Haploxerolls, Argixerolls, and Durixerolls, indicating minor to significant accumulations of clays, silica, and carbonate. The ages of these surfaces likely range from Pliocene (almost certainly post-dating the ~3.0 Ma Basalt of Knot Tableland) to perhaps as young as early Holocene. The abandoned fans are largely stable features that contribute little sediment directly to the modern fluvial system. These abandoned alluvial fans reflect overall Tertiary and Quaternary valley incision of the Sprague River valley, probably in conjunction with integration and incision of the Sprague River through fault-uplifted canyon segments downstream. U.S. Geological Survey Geomorphic Floodplain Area of Holocene channel migration; channels and active floodplains along the North Fork Sprague, South Fork Sprague, mainstem Sprague, and Sycan rivers. This map unit, divided into valley segments, is the domain of the detailed mapping analysis of constructed features, historical channel change, and vegetation described reported by McDowell and others (2005) and O'Connor and others (2006). This unit encompasses the area of channels, abandoned channels, and bar-and-scroll topography evident on the 2004 LiDAR. The presence of mainstem channel topographic features distinguishes this unit from the Valley Fill unit. Soils are typically poorly drained and include volcanic-ash-rich Mollisols dominated by the Klamath-Ontko-Dilman series (Cahoon, 1985). Stratigraphy exposed on eroding streambanks and from augering show that these floodplain deposits almost everywhere formed after the 7.7 ka Mazama eruption. In places, particularly along the lower Sycan River (Lind, 2009) and the North Fork Sprague River, stratigraphic relations show at least two episodes of floodplain incision and filling in the last 7700 years. The geomorphic floodplain has formed in the last 7.7 ka from a combination of channel migration, channel avulsion, and lateral and vertical accretion of bedload and suspended load deposits. The geomorphic floodplain is mapped on the basis of morphology and does not necessarily correspond to a specific elevation above the channel or areas subject to flooding at a specific frequency. Locally includes springs and associated wetland deposits within the area of Holocene channel migration. U.S. Geological Survey Active Springs and Spring Deposits Active springs and associated wetland deposits, outside of active floodplain. Six areas of springs and related features such as ponds, wetlands and channels are within the map area but outside of mainstem floodplains. Most are contiguous with the mainstem floodplain or flanking terraces. Spring outlets with flowing water have sandy to gravel substrates, surrounding saturated areas consisting chiefly of saturated peat deposits formed from aquatic vegetation. Most spring complexes are connected to the Sprague and Sycan rivers by sand-bed spring channels. U.S. Geological Survey Active Tributary Fans Area of Holocene channel migration; channels and active floodplains along the North Fork Sprague, South Fork Sprague, mainstem Sprague, and Sycan rivers. This map unit, divided into valley segments, is the domain of the detailed mapping analysis of constructed features, historical channel change, and vegetation described reported by McDowell and others (2005) and O'Connor and others (2006). This unit encompasses the area of channels, abandoned channels, and bar-and-scroll topography evident on the 2004 LiDAR. The presence of mainstem channel topographic features distinguishes this unit from the Valley Fill unit. Soils are typically poorly drained and include volcanic-ash-rich Mollisols dominated by the Klamath-Ontko-Dilman series (Cahoon, 1985). Stratigraphy exposed on eroding streambanks and from augering show that these floodplain deposits almost everywhere formed after the 7.7 ka Mazama eruption. In places, particularly along the lower Sycan River (Lind, 2009) and the North Fork Sprague River, stratigraphic relations show at least two episodes of floodplain incision and filling in the last 7700 years. The geomorphic floodplain has formed in the last 7.7 ka from a combination of channel migration, channel avulsion, and lateral and vertical accretion of bedload and suspended load deposits. The geomorphic floodplain is mapped on the basis of morphology and does not necessarily correspond to a specific elevation above the channel or areas subject to flooding at a specific frequency. Locally includes springs and associated wetland deposits within the area of Holocene channel migration. U.S. Geological Survey Active Tributary Floodplain Tributary channel, floodplain, and basin fill deposits in low-gradient areas subject to inundation, and unconfined by valley margins. Tributary channels and flanking surfaces grade to modern mainstem channels and floodplains, forming narrow and elongate map units extending into the uplands where channels become increasingly topographically confined. In some reaches, especially the Kamkaun Springs, the tributary valleys have very low, nearly horizontal, gradients, whereas in many locations, tributary valley floodplains have gradients approaching 5 degrees. The distinction with tributary fans and colluvium is primarily on the basis of plan-view morphology and slope but is locally indistinct. Primary soils on tributary floodplains are Inceptisols and Mollisols, which typically form in late Pleistocene or Holocene deposits (Soil Survey Staff, 1975). U.S. Geological Survey Colluvial Slopes Hillslope colluvium and piedmont slope deposits. Steep but smooth slopes, up to ~35 degrees, underlain by unconsolidated regolith and formed by gravitational and alluvial transport processes such as rockfall, avalanching, biogenic disturbance and sheet wash transport. Colluvial slopes typically head at steep bedrock outcrops, which are the source of material, and transition downslope to alluvial transport surfaces. Colluvium is locally an important source of coarse (gravel-size) material to the Sprague and Sycan rivers, especially in canyon segments where much of the floodplain is bordered by colluvium or bedrock. The distinction of colluvial slopes and active tributary fans is locally arbitrary, but tributary fans typically have slopes less than 10 degrees. U.S. Geological Survey Landslide Deposits Deposits of large mass movements, primarily rotational failures, usually with steep hummocky topography bounded on upslope margins by arcuate scarps. A few landslides are evident in the Chiloquin Canyon valley segment and in the lowermost portion of the Sycan River canyon within the Coyote Bucket valley segment. The Sycan River canyon landslides likely blocked the channel, and the affected reaches traverse accumulations of large blocks of volcanic rock from the canyon rim. U.S. Geological Survey Mainstem Valley Fill Floodplain and basin areas outside of active channel areas but historically subject to overbank flooding. Low-gradient planar surfaces totaling 28 km2 occupy broad areas flanking the Sprague River corridor, particularly in the Kamkaun Springs, S'choholis Canyon and Buttes of the God valley segments. Additionally, this map unit includes bottomlands flanking the post-Mazama zone of channel migration (the Active Mainstem Floodplain) in the Council Butte and Beatty-Sycan valley segments. The surfaces generally have soils mapped as Inceptisols or Mollisols formed in part by cumulic deposition of silt and clay during overbank flooding. Many of these surfaces are flooded during periods of high water, but show no evidence of hosting major channels. Many of these surfaces are now diked and drained. Some of these broad valley bottoms marginal to the main river course, especially within the Kamkaun Springs, S'choholis Canyon and Buttes of the God valley segments, appear to be long-term sediment depocenters as a consequence of overall Sprague River valley aggradation, perhaps in conjunction with block faulting along the North-Northwest trending faults transecting the lower part of the Sprague River valley. Within the Council Butte and Beatty-Sycan valley segments, the valley fill unit encompasses broad tracts of seasonally inundated lowlands flanking the Sprague River, but outside areas occupied by late Holocene channels. In places, this unit may correspond with low terraces mapped in the Council Buttes and Beatty Gap valley segments. The valley fill map unit everywhere represents areas of Holocene deposition during mainstem overbank flooding as well as from local runoff during seasonal high water. U.S. Geological Survey Pond and Wetland Deposits Lacustrine deposits associated with modern or historic waterbodies, outside of active floodplain. Several small closed depressions host seasonal to perennial waterbodies. These are only distinguished outside of mainstem floodplains. Most are within areas of valley fill or occupy depressions within abandoned alluvial fans. Nearly all are utilized for water storage with dikes or small dams augmenting storage capacity. U.S. Geological Survey Sycan Flood Deposits A prominent planar surface extending south discontinuously from the lower Sycan River canyon to its confluence with the Sprague River. This surface stands 3 m above the active floodplain at the downstream end of Sycan Canyon, and descends to floodplain level near the Sycan River confluence with the Sprague River. It is underlain by as much as 3.35 m of bedded sand and gravel composed almost entirely of Mazama pumice. The deposits fine and thin downstream, where they are overlain by alternating beds of silty fine sand and sand. At their apex near the downstream end of the Sycan Canyon, these deposits grade to surfaces mantled with 1-m-diameter rounded basalt boulders, apparently derived from the canyon rim and walls and transported downstream. The soil capping these surfaces is mainly classified as an Ashy Typic Cryopsamment, indicating poorly developed soils formed in sandy parent materials. The pumiceous sand and gravel overlies organic-rich silt and clay deposits, locally peaty, and commonly containing within 10 cm of its top, a 0.5-to-2.5-cm-thick layer of silt- and sand-size Mazama tephra. This fallout tephra, constrained by radiocarbon dates here and in other areas resulted from the Mazama eruption of about 7.7 ka (Lind, 2009). We infer that this terrace resulted from a large, pumice-laden flood down the Sycan River within a few decades or centuries of the 7700 cal yr BP eruption (Lind, 2009). The close proximity of the base of the deposits to the unweathered Mazama fallout tephra indicates deposition was shortly after the eruption. A plausible source for such a flood was temporary impoundment of a lake in the Sycan Marsh area, possibly by dunes of Mazama pumice blocking the Sycan River channel near the marsh outlet (Lind, 2009). The Sycan flood deposits are coarse, loose, and erode readily from disturbed sites, particularly along tall banks flanking the modern channel or floodplain. In eroding areas, the Sycan flood terrace provides substantial sand-sized material to the lower Sycan River. U.S. Geological Survey Terrace Terrace deposits along mainstem Sprague River. Planar alluvial surfaces as high as 50 m above the active floodplain flank the Sprague River near its confluence with the Williamson River. Similarly, terraces at several elevations ranging up to 20 m above the active floodplain that border the Sprague River in the Chiloquin Canyon, Braymill, Kamkaun Spring, S'choholis Canyon, and Buttes of the Gods valley segments. Locally, terraces are enumerated 1 through 4 on the basis of increasing elevation (and presumably age) above geomorphic floodplain. Isolated low terraces flank the Sprague River in the Council Butte and Beatty Gap segments, as well as along the lower Sycan River. The terrace surfaces are underlain by fluvial gravel and are generally stable features upon which Haploxeroll soils have formed, indicating formation of a cambic B horizon and some carbonate accumulation (Soil Survey Staff, 1975). Terrace risers locally expose Tertiary lacustrine sediment or other bedrock units, indicating that at least some of the terraces are strath surfaces cut into the soft Tertiary sediment. The positions and degree of soil development are consistent with ages of late Tertiary through Quaternary. Many or all of these terraces pre-date the 7.7 ka Mazama eruption, judging from the presence of Mazama fall-out tephra in the upper parts of their soil profiles (Cahoon, 1985). Like the abandoned alluvial fans, the terraces result from episodic filling and incision during Quaternary downcutting of the Sprague River. Some of this downcutting may have resulted from broadscale base-level fall associated with integration of the upper Klamath River basin (Sherrod and Pickthorn, 1992), but some terrace sequences may reflect more local tectonic blockages associated with the north-northwest trending basin-and-range faulting affecting the western Sprague River valley segments. U.S. Geological Survey Undifferentiated Bedrock Irregular, typically hummocky or steep topography, underlain by Tertiary lacustrine sediment or volcanic rocks. This unit was only mapped where completely surrounded by mapped alluvial or colluvial surfaces. U.S. Geological Survey Sub_unit Enumeration of terrace and abandoned fan surfaces based on position above active floodplain features. U.S. Geological Survey 1 Mainstem terrace deposits at elevations as much as 2 meters above active floodplain (8 m near Williamson R. confluence) or fan deposits at elevations as much as 5 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey 2 Mainstem terrace deposits at elevations as much as 4 meters above active floodplain (15 m near Williamson R. confluence) or fan deposits at elevations as much as 10 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey 3 Mainstem terrace deposits at elevations as much as 10 meters above active floodplain (15 m near Williamson R. confluence) or fan deposits at elevations as much as 25 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey 4 Mainstem terrace deposits at elevations as much as 20 meters above active floodplain (50 m near Williamson R. confluence) or fan deposits at elevations as much as 40 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey Undifferentiated Non-differentiated unit U.S. Geological Survey Segment Floodplain segment U.S. Geological Survey Chiloquin Canyon Sprague River below floodplain-kilometer 11.4 U.S. Geological Survey Braymill Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 11.4 to 17.2 U.S. Geological Survey Kamkaun Spring Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 17.2 to 32.4 U.S. Geological Survey S'choholis Canyon Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 32.4 to 48.2 U.S. Geological Survey Buttes of the Gods Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 48.2 to 58 U.S. Geological Survey Council Butte Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 58 to 76.8 U.S. Geological Survey Beatty-Sycan Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 76.8 to 81 U.S. Geological Survey Beatty Gap Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 81 to 89.6 U.S. Geological Survey Upper Valley Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 89.6 to 93.2 U.S. Geological Survey South Fork Sprague River floodplain-kilometer 93.2 to 106.3 U.S. Geological Survey North Fork North Fork Sprague River below floodplain-kilometer 9.8 U.S. Geological Survey Lower Sycan Sycan River below floodplain-kilometer 10.6 U.S. Geological Survey Coyote Bucket Sycan River floodplain-kilometer 10.6 to 24 U.S. Geological Survey Symbol Abbreviation for mapping unit U.S. Geological Survey Qfp Geomorphic floodplain U.S. Geological Survey Qsw Active springs and associated wetland deposits U.S. Geological Survey Qmvf Mainstem valley fill U.S. Geological Survey Qw Pond and wetland deposits U.S. Geological Survey Qsf Sycan flood deposits U.S. Geological Survey Qt1 Terrace deposits at elevations as much as 2 meters above active floodplain (8 m near Williamson R. confluence) U.S. Geological Survey Qt2 Terrace deposits at elevations as much as 4 meters above active floodplain (15 m near Williamson R. confluence) U.S. Geological Survey Qt3 Terrace deposits at elevations as much as 10 meters above active floodplain (15 m near Williamson R. confluence) U.S. Geological Survey Qt4 Terrace deposits at elevations as much as 20 meters above active floodplain (50 m near Williamson R. confluence) U.S. Geological Survey Qtu Undifferentiated terrace deposit U.S. Geological Survey Qtfp Active tributary floodplains U.S. Geological Survey Qtf Active tributary fans U.S. Geological Survey Qf1 Fan deposits at elevations as much as 5 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey Qf2 Fan deposits at elevations as much as 10 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey Qf3 Fan deposits at elevations as much as 25 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey Qf4 Fan deposits at elevations as much as 40 meters above active channels U.S. Geological Survey Qfu Undifferentiated fan deposit U.S. Geological Survey Qc Colluvial slopes U.S. Geological Survey Qls Landslide deposits U.S. Geological Survey Tbr Undifferentiated bedrock U.S. Geological Survey The map units represent geomorphic surfaces including bedrock (undifferentiated), active and inactive alluvial fans, colluvial slopes, alluvial terraces, spring-complex areas, tributary and main-channel floodplains, and alluvial bottomlands. These landforms are mapped without specific regard to their constituent deposits, which makes this map slightly different than a typical geological map. This is especially the case for the terraces and inactive alluvial fans, which have been dissected by subsequent erosion, exposing underlying geologic units or producing narrow colluvial slopes along their margins, and leaving the main landforms with thin and locally discontinuous caps of alluvial gravel. Cahoon, J., 1985, Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon (southern part). U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 289 p. Lind, P.A., 2009, Holocene floodplain development of the lower Sycan River, Oregon. University of Oregon M.S. thesis, Eugene, Oregon, 203 p. McDowell, P.F., O'Connor, J.E., and Lind, P., 2005, Sprague River geomorphology studies, Klamath Basin, Oregon, EOS (American Geophysical Union), v. 86, no. 52, abst. H31H-06. O'Connor, J.E., McDowell, P.F., and Lind, P., 2006, Sprague River, Oregon; Geologic framework studies for establishing restoration priorities, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 38, no. 7, p. 188. Sherrod. D. R., and Pickthorn, L.B.G., 1992, Geologic map of the west half of the Klamath Falls 1 by 2 quadrangle, south-central Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2182. Watershed Sciences, 2005, Sprague River LiDAR remote sensing and data collection. Submitted to the Klamath Tribes, Chiloquin, Oregon, 44 p. U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing address

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Reston VA 20192 USA 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+Sprague_River_Oregon_Geomorphology FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998