Klasner, F.L., and Mikami, C.D.
2002mmdd
Land Use on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, 1998
Version 1.0, August 30, 2002
map
Water-Resources Investigations Report
02-4301
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?oahu_lu98
This is a vector GIS coverage (ESRI ArcInfo format) of the
land use of the island of Oahu, 1998, derived from multiple
sources of digital orthophotos.
The USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) is
designed to describe the status and trends in the quality of
the Nation's ground- and surface-water resources and to provide
a sound understanding of the natural and human factors that
affect the quality of these resources (Leahy and others, 1990).
The Oahu NAWQA program began in October 1998. The land-use
data provided here are intended for analysis in conjunction with
the Oahu NAWQA water-quality data.
The land uses identified are those that involve surface modification
through human activity. These are referred to herein as agriculture,
developed (urban), or barren-mining. Other land uses, including
conservation, forest, natural areas, wetlands, water, and
barren (sand, rock, or soil), and unmanaged vegetation are identified
as "other". This coverage is derived from 1-meter ground resolution
digital orthophotos (DOQs) and intended for use at 1:24,000-scale or
smaller.
This coverage was generated by the the USGS Oahu NAWQA staff in Oahu,
Hawaii, in 2001 and 2002, using 1998 digital orthophotos. The
procedures used to create this coverage are described below.
Reviews_Applied_to_Data--
The coverage was reviewed by USGS Hawaii District administration,
reviewed by 2 peer-reviewers, and reviewed and approved by USGS
Western Region administration.
Related_Spatial_and_Tabular_Data_Sets--
Oahu NAWQA Study-Unit boundaries are maintained in separate data
sets <http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/>.
References_Cited--
Leahy, P.P., Rosenshein, J.S., and Knopman, D.S., 1990, Implementation
plan for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-174. U.S. Geological Survey,
Reston, Virginia, 10 p.
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes
only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata
file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form,
as well as in ArcInfo format, this metadata file may include some
ArcInfo-specific terminology.
1998
Ground Condition
None Planned
-158.28217724
-157.64773751
21.71248605
21.25467953
none
land-use
land use
land-cover
land cover
National Water Quality Assessment Program
NAWQA
map
Geographic Information System
developed
urban
agriculture
barren
mining
inlandWaters
none
Mokuoloe Island
Mokauea Island
Sand Island
Ford Island
Oahu
Hawaii
United States
none
Appropriate use of this product is best limited to applications
where remotely sensed imagery is an appropriate base for
generalized land-use maps restricted to agriculture,
developed, and barren-mining areas at least 2 hectares in area
or larger. The land-use map is intended for use at
1:24,000-scale or smaller.
U.S. Geological Survey
District Chief
mailing and physical address
677 Ala Moana Blvd, Suite 415
Honolulu
HI
96813
USA
1-888-275-8747
808.587.2401
GS-W-HIhnl_DC@usgs.gov
8:00am - 4:30pm, local time
The original GIS data, written explanations of the product,
updated contact information, and answers to common questions
are provided at: <http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4301>
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/oahu_lu98_browse.gif
This is an image (85 KB) of level 1 land use for the island of
Oahu, 1998, and includes URL to the report web pages.
GIF
Klasner, F.L., and Mikami, C.D., 2002, Land Use
on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4301. Prepared in
cooperation with Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S.D.A.,
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, State of Hawaii-Department of
Agriculture, State of Hawaii-Department of Forestry &
Wildlife, City and County of Honolulu, and others.
SunOS, 5.8, sun4u UNIX
ArcInfo version 8.0.2
Office and field verification of all land-use
polygons mapped was conducted. Attribute
quality was tested by comparing mapped land
use against a photo-interpreters classification
of the same region. For 250 randomly selected
control points (2 hectare circular polygons),
98.4% were correctly attributed (errors identified
in these quality assurance steps were corrected).
Errors in leeward (dry) areas may be more likely
the result of land use being attributed as an artifact
of previous land uses, sparse vegetation, and slow
vegetation recolonization. In contrast, windward
(moist) areas may be more likely to be not assigned
a land use, an artifact of dense vegetation obscuring
existing land uses.
Polygon topology present. All polygons contain one label
point, are closed, and adjacent polygons do not have
identical attributes.
see Entity_Attribute_Information and supplemental information.
Land-use polygons were interpreted and delineated
from USGS 1-m ground resolution DOQs and 5-m ground
resolution digital orthophotos, on-screen with
minimum mapping unit of 2 hectares, 30 meters minimum
feature width.
Draft land-use classification system and mapping rules established
by USGS and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, with
assistance from multiple federal, state, and local agencies.
20000501
Delineate land use of Oahu and surrounding islets using multiple
sources of 1998 and 1999 DOQs and ancillary information on a 7.5
minute quad basis (Datum: NAD83, Projection: UTM Zone 4) using
ESRI ArcView 3.2, with snap tolerance of 2-meters.
20010101
Merge and dissolve 7.5 minute quadrangle based tiles of land use
data.
20010102
1.Clean-up data format--identify and remove gaps, overlaps,
slivers and undersized polygons (less than 2 hectares) in
land use polygons.
2.Dissolve boundaries between land use polygons of same type.
20010201
Integrate agricultural land use delineations with existing
land use data, received from Pat Shade (Honolulu office, Natural
Resources Conservation Service).
20010223
1.Prepare DOQs with land-use delineations (at 1:8,000 scale on
quarter-quad basis), for use in field verification.
2.Field verification of all points on 2 kilometer grid, high
vantage points, areas of uncertain classification, at least 1
example of every unique code type found in a quad area, drove
major roads, remote area access roads.
20010501
Adjusted digital version of delineated land-use data based on
field verification.
20010502
1.Clean-up data format--identify and remove gaps, overlaps,
slivers and undersized polygons (less than 2 hectares) in
land use polygons.
2.Dissolve boundaries between land-use polygons of same type.
20010701
Review land-use data based on other data sources, including City
and County of Honolulu 'Tax Map Key' data, 2002 NOAA Coastal
Services Center 'Land Cover for the Main Eight Hawaiian Islands',
and USGS Digital Raster Graphics.
<http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/hi_index.html>
<http://gis.hicentral.com/>
20010702
1.Land-use dataset unioned with preliminary USGS/EPA NHD 1:24,000
shoreline data for Oahu (shoreline defined as all areas inland of
area attributed as sea/ocean in NHD data).
2.Existing land-use polygons extending beyond NHD shoreline removed.
3.Land use polygons along shoreline reviewed for minimum feature
width (30 meters) and minimum mapping unit (2 hectares).
<http://nhd.usgs.gov/>
20010801
1.Clean-up data format--identify and remove gaps, overlaps,
slivers and undersized polygons (less than 2 hectares) in
land use polygons.
2.Dissolve boundaries between land-use polygons of same type.
20010802
1.Land use delineation and attributes reviewed by staff of USGS
Hawaii District Office, Honolulu, using 1:8,000-scale version.
2.Adjustments to digital land use data made based on comments
received and characteristics evident in imagery.
20011001
1.Land use delineation and attributes reviewed by staff of USDA
Natural Resources Conservation Service (Hawaii Office staff) and
State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture staff, using 1:8,000-
scale version.
2.Adjustments to digital land use data made based on comments
received and characteristics evident in imagery.
20020101
1.250 randomly selected quality control/quality assurance points
selected (100 in 'agriculture' areas, 100 in 'developed' or
'barren-mining' areas, 50 in 'other' areas).
2.QA/QC points buffered to create circular polygons of 2 hectares
3.Land use reviewed in all QA/QC polygons, using multiple sources
of imagery.
4.Adjustments to digital land use data made (in 4 locations)
based on corrections identified during QA/QC process.
20020301
1.Land-use dataset unioned with final USGS/EPA NHD 1:24,000
shoreline data for Oahu (shoreline defined as all areas inland
of area attributed as sea/ocean in NHD data).
2.Existing land use polygons extending beyond NHD shoreline
removed.
3.Land use polygons along shoreline reviewed for minimum feature
width (30 meters) and minimum mapping unit (2 hectares).
<http://nhd.usgs.gov/>
20020401
1.Clean-up data format--identify and remove gaps, overlaps,
slivers and undersized polygons (less than 2 hectares) in land
use polygons.
2.Dissolve boundaries between land use polygons of same type.
20020402
LAYEREXPORT xxlayer1 COVERAGE E:\gisdata\workspace\oahu98lu_uz0 Poly
ArcView shapefile version of land use converted to ArcInfo
(AI) Coverage format (ArcToolbox shapefile to coverage).
20020531
PROJECTDEFINE COVER OAHU98LU_UZ0
AI coverage projection defined (utm, zone4, meters, nad83)
20020531
TOLERANCE OAHU98LU_UZ0 FUZZY 0.00001 (edit 0.00001,
nodesnap 0.001, weed 0.001, grain 0.001, snap 0.001).
Set tolerances for AI coverage.
20020531
dropitem oahu98lu_uz0.pat oahu98lu_uz0.pat acres hectares
Un-needed ArcView fields removed.
20020601
ARCEDIT E:\GISDATA\WORKSPACE\OAHU98LU_UZ1
One dangle removed.
20020601
BUILD OAHU98LU_UZ1 POLY
Polygon coverage built.
20020601
PROJECT COVER OAHU98LU_UZ2 OAHU98LU_A0 UTM4N83_ALBOAHU.PRJ
AI coverage projected to
Albers (see 'Spatial_Reference_Information' section).
20020601
TOLERANCE OAHU98LU_A0 FUZZY 0.001 (edit 0.1)
Fuzzy and edit tolerance set in new projection.
20020601
BUILD OAHU98LU_A0
Polygon topology built.
20020601
ARCEDIT E:\GISDATA\WORKSPACE\OAHU98LU_A1
Tics added from oahtics.
20020601
BUILD OAHU98LU_A2 LINE
Line topology built.
20020601
AI coverage format integrity verified (checkdata.aml).
20020601
First draft of metadata created by fklasner using
DOCUMENT and FGDCMETA.AML ver. 1.36 01/16/01 on ArcInfo data set
/nawqa/hilc/report/oahu_lu98
20020601
copy /nawqa/hilc/report/data/oahu_lu98
to working file oahu_lu98_1
20020703
ARCEDIT /NAWQA/HILC/REVIEW/OAHU_LU98_1
Correct attribute and linework based on review comments
20020703
ARCEDIT /NAWQA/HILC/REVIEW/OAHU_LU98_1
Correct attribute and linework based on review comments
20020708
BUILD OAHU_LU98_1 POLY
Polygon topology built.
20020708
copy /nawqa/hilc/review/oahu_lu98_1 oahu_lu98 double
move corrected file to appropriate working space
20020713
Update of metadata created by fklasner using
DOCUMENT on ArcInfo data set //nawqa/hilc/report/data/oahu_lu98
20020713
project cover oahu_lu98 oahu_utm0 alboahu_utm4d83.prj
from albers to utm4, to match DOQs for editing
20020726
TOLERANCE OAHU_UTM0
FUZZY, EDIT, NODESNAP, WEED, GRAIN, SNAP 0.001
Fuzzy and edit tolerance set in new projection.
20020726
build oahu_utm0 poly
20020726
ARCEDIT /NAWQA/HILC/8TH_REV/1PEER/OAHU_UTM0
nodeerrors oahu_utm0 all
createlabels oahu_utm0 2272
labelerrors oahu_utm0 all fullreport
and build oahu_utm0 poly
arcedit coverage revisions based on review comments
20020729 - 20020821
ARCEDIT /NAWQA/HILC/8TH_REV/1PEER/OAHU_UTM1
build oahu_utm1 poly
arcedit coverage revisions based on review comments
20020822 - 20020909
build oahu_lu98 line
20020905
Updated metadata by fklasner using
FGDCMETA.AML ver. 1.36 01/16/01 on ArcInfo data set
/nawqa/hilc/report/data/oahu_lu98
20020905
export cover oahu_lu98 oahu_lu98.e00 none
20020910
Vector
Point
2269
String
6154
GT-polygon composed of chains
2270
Albers Conical Equal Area
21.32777777778
21.63888888889
-157.9666666667
3
0.00000
0.00000
coordinate pair
1.0
1.0
Meters
North American Datum of 1983
GRS1980
6378206.4
294.98
oahu_98lu.pat
Polygon Attribute Table
GIS Software
AREA
Area of polygon in square coverage units (square meters)
Computed
Positive real numbers
na
GIS software
PERIMETER
Perimeter of polygon in coverage units (meters)
Computed
Positive real numbers
na
GIS software
OAHU_LU98#
Sequential unique positive integer
Computed
Positive real numbers
n/a
GIS software
OAHU_LU98-ID
Feature number.
Computed
Integer
n/a
GIS software
ISLE
Island or islet names
USGS 1:24,000 topographic maps
Oahu, Sand, Ford, Mokuoloe, Mokauea
island or islet surrounding Oahu, HI where land use was
delineated, as named on U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000
topographic maps (without Hawaiian puctuation or
diacriticals).
user assigned
LAND_USE
Unique identifier for each land use type
USGS Oahu NAWQA
aa, al, ap-g, ap-gb, ap-gy, ap-h, ap-o, ap-ob, ap-oc,
ap-og, ap-om, ap-op, ap-ou, ap-r, ap-rc, ap-rm, ap-rp,
ap-rw, ap-s, aq, as, bm, dc-h+, dc-hs, dc-l, dc-m+, dc-ms,
dm, do-mg, do-mm, do-r, do-v, dr-h+, dr-hs, dr-l, dr-m+,
dr-ms, ds-e, ds-g, du-a, du-c, du-p, du-u, du-wl, du-ws,
other.
unique identifier for each land use type, summarizes the
land use in fields 'level1', 'level2', 'level3', and
'level4'.
user assigned
LEVEL1
unique identifier for (1st level) most general land use type.
USGS Oahu NAWQA
agriculture
areas characterized by human modification used in connection
with planting, growing, and harvesting crops; and raising,
pasturing, and feeding of livestock and poultry. Includes
herbaceous vegetation planted or cultivated for production of
food, feed, seed, or fiber; fish farms; feedlots; holding
pens; breeding and training facilities; and greenhouses. This
land-use category takes precedence over other land-use
categories except for developed.
user defined
barren
areas characterized by rock, gravel, sand, silt, clay, or other
earthen material, not covered by water, with less than 25
percent vegetative cover or less than 5 percent vegetative
cover in arid areas. (Not differentiated except to identify
mining surfaces).
user defined
developed
Areas characterized by a high percentage of modification by and
for human use, such as where the land-surface is covered by
structures, prepared materials, or otherwise urban. Does not
include areas used for agriculture or barren (such as from
surface mining). This land-use category takes precedence over
other land-use categories, except for agriculture.
user defined
other
all areas not encompassed in the above class definitions;
including water, wetland, forest, shrubland, herbaceous,
and barren (other than mining).
user defined
LEVEL2
identifier for 2nd level of detail of land use type
USGS Oahu NAWQA
abandoned
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
aquaculture
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
livestock
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
planted/cultivated
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
small-scale/rural
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
mining
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
commercial
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
manufacturing/industrial
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
open space
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
public infrastructure
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
residential
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
social services
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
LEVEL3
identifier for 3rd level of detail of land use type
USGS Oahu NAWQA
orchard
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
row crops
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
horticulture
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
grasses
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
shade houses
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
high density
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
moderate density
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
low density
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
government
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
education
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
utilities
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
waste management
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
airport
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
automotive
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
port
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
recreation
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
maintained vegetation
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
vacant
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
LEVEL4
identifier for 4th level of detail in land use type
USGS Oahu NAWQA
banana
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
coffee
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
guava
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
macadamia nuts
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
papaya
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
coconut
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
corn
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
pineapple
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
mixed fruit/vegetable
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
wetland
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
biomass
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
pasture/grazing
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
low story
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
multi-story
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
landfill
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
sewage treatment
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
golf course
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
multi-purpose
see 'Entity_and_Attribute_Overview'
user defined
oahu_98lu.aat
Arc Attribute Table
GIS Software
FNODE#
Internal number of from-node
Computed
Sequential unique positive integer
na
GIS software
TNODE#
Internal number of from-node
Computed
Sequential unique positive integer
na
GIS software
LPOLY#
Internal number of polygon to left of arc
Computed
Sequential unique positive integer
n/a
GIS software
RPOLY#
Internal number of polygon to right of arc
Computed
Sequential unique positive integer
n/a
GIS software
LENGTH
Length of arc in coverage units (meters)
Computed
Positive real numbers
n/a
GIS software
OAHU_LU98#
Internal Feature number
Computed
Sequential unique positive integer
n/a
GIS software
OAHU_LU98-ID
User-assigned feature number
User-defined
Integer
n/a
GIS software
There is one attribute file associated with this coverage:
a polygon attribute table (.PAT)
>OAHU_LU98.PAT:
>
>COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE NAME
> 1 AREA 8 18 F 5
> 9 PERIMETER 8 18 F 5
> 17 OAHU_LU98# 4 5 B -
> 21 OAHU_LU98-ID 4 5 B -
> 25 ISLE 10 10 C -
> 35 LAND_USE 8 8 C -
> 43 LEVEL1 11 11 C -
> 54 LEVEL2 24 24 C -
> 78 LEVEL3 21 21 C -
> 99 LEVEL4 21 21 C -
>
>
>OAHU_LU98.AAT:
>
>COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE NAME
> 1 FNODE# 4 5 B -
> 5 TNODE# 4 5 B -
> 9 LPOLY# 4 5 B -
> 13 RPOLY# 4 5 B -
> 17 LENGTH 8 18 F 5
> 25 OAHU_LU98# 4 5 B -
> 29 OAHU_LU98-ID 4 5 B -
The complete land-use attribute definitions (level 1, level 2,
level 3, and level 4) follow, with land_use field codes in
parentheses.
>Level 1. Agriculture (a) - areas characterized by human
> modification used in connection with planting, growing, and
> harvesting crops; and raising, pasturing, and feeding of
> livestock and poultry. Includes herbaceous vegetation planted
> or cultivated for production of food, feed, seed, or fiber;
> fish farms; feedlots; holding pens; breeding and training
> facilities; and greenhouses. This land-use category takes
> precedence over other land-use categories except for
> developed.
> Level 2. Planted/Cultivated (ap) - areas characterized by
> vegetation planted or cultivated by humans for production
> of food, feed, fiber, pasture, seed, or ornamental plant
> products.
> Level 3. Orchard (ap-o) - areas with woody or semi-perennial
> herbaceous vegetation planted or maintained for production
> of fruits, nuts, or other plant products.
> Level 4. Banana (ap-ob) - orchards and other areas used for
> the production of banana and other species in the genus
> Musa.
> Level 4. Coffee (ap-oc) - orchards and other areas used for
> the production of coffee and other species in the genus
> Coffea.
> Level 4. Guava (ap-og) - orchards and other areas used for the
> production of guava and other species in the genus Psidium.
> Level 4. Macadamia Nuts (ap-om) - orchards and other areas
> used for the production of macadamia and other species in
> the genus Macadamia.
> Level 4. Papaya (ap-op) - orchards and other areas used for
> the production of papaya and other species in the genus
> Carica.
> Level 4. Coconut (ap-ou) - orchards and other areas used for
> the production of coconut and other species in the genus
> Cocos. Includes orchard production of trees for ornamental
> plantings.
> Level 3. Row Crops (ap-r) - areas used for the production of
> herbaceous crops or plants where fields exhibit row or strip
> characteristics similar to rows, includes pineapple,
> sugarcane, corn, and fruits and vegetables (only those
> exhibiting row characteristics).
> Level 4. Corn (ap-rc) - fields exhibiting row characteristics
> where corn (both sweet and seed varieties) and other species
> in the genus Zea are cultivated.
> Level 4. Pineapple (ap-rp) - fields exhibiting row
> characteristics where pineapple and other species in the
> genus Ananas are cultivated, includes both planted and
> fallow fields.
> Level 4. Mixed Fruit/Vegetable (ap-rm) - areas used for row
> crop production of fruits or vegetables, including eggplant,
> lettuce, melons, ginger root, cabbage, tomatoes, basil, and
> other species. May include small areas of horticulture
> crops.
> Level 4. Wetland (ap-rw) - areas used for production of wetland
> row crops, including taro (Colocasia spp. and others),
> watercress (Rorippa spp.), and similar species.
> Level 3. Horticulture (ap-h) - areas used for the production of
> horticultural crops and plants. Common crops include flower
> production, potted plants, ornamental plants, turf grass, ti,
> community gardens, upland taro (Colocasia spp. and others),
> cassava (Manihot spp.), and kawa. Also includes areas with a
> diverse variety of crop types, often interlaced with
> orchard-bananas or row crops-mixed fruit or vegetable.
> Level 3. Grasses (ap-g) - areas of grasses or legumes, used for
> production of vegetation biomass, livestock feed and fodder,
> seed or hay crops, or as pasture or grazing maintained through
> fencing, grazing, harvesting, or other land-surface
> modification. Includes areas with less than 25 percent forest
> or shrubland.
> Level 4. Pasture/Grazing (ap-gy) - areas used for
> production of herbaceous feed and fodder for livestock.
> Includes areas used for livestock grazing (such as range
> land) when fenced or with land-surface modification and
> less than 25 percent forest or shrubland.
> Level 4. Biomass (ap-gb) - areas of planted vegetation used for
> biomass generation, such as the energy production crops
> kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria
> juncea).
> Level 3. Shade Houses (ap-s) - areas covered by shade cloth or
> similar structures intended to regulate the amount of light
> available for plant development, growth, and production. Also
> includes covered areas for use in hydroponics.
> Level 2. Livestock (al) - areas and associated paddocks where
> livestock, including cows, horses, sheep, goats, hogs, and
> poultry, are confined, manipulated, and treated. Food and water
> are provided from external sources, does not include aquatic
> species.
> Level 2. Aquaculture (aq) - submerged, raised, and other open or
> covered areas used for cultivation of marine or freshwater
> products such as fish, shellfish, seaweed, algae, and
> associated equipment and staging areas.
> Level 2. Small-scale/rural (as) - areas where agriculture land use
> of any type is dominant, and residential land uses are also a
> significant component. Commonly a matrix of composite land
> owners/lessee's with multiple residences and agricultural
> practices such as State of Hawaii Agricultural Parks,
> subsistence agricultural areas, or small ranches. Extensive
> backyard gardens are not included.
> Level 2. Abandoned (aa) - areas where evidence of past agriculture
> or aquaculture use is evident although not actively practiced,
> as seen in extensive presence of non-target species (typically
> semi-naturalized exotic species) that prohibit crop harvest,
> usually dominated by grasses (commonly former sugarcane or
> pineapple fields). Field boundaries are well defined although
> crop type may not be evident. Does not include areas currently
> fallow, between crop rotations.
>Level 1. Developed (d) - areas characterized by a high percentage of
> modification by and for human use, such as where the land-surface
> is covered by structures, prepared materials, or otherwise urban.
> Does not include areas used for agriculture or barren (such as
> from surface mining). This land-use category takes precedence
> over other land-use categories, except for agriculture.
> Level 2. Manufacturing/Industrial (dm) - structures and associated
> grounds used for fabrication, storage, distribution, and finishing
> of commercial and industrial goods and services. Includes
> petro-chemical refineries and storage, power generation, mills,
> shipping and distribution centers, military bases with
> corresponding land-use patterns, and all highly developed areas
> not classified as commercial, residential, social services, or
> public infrastructure.
> Level 2. Commercial (dc)- areas characterized by structures and
> associated grounds used for the sale of products and
> services, light industry, business, military bases with
> corresponding land use patterns, ammunition bunkers, and
> structures where military services are provided.
> Level 3. High Density (dc-h) - greater than 75 percent of land
> area developed for commercial use.
> Level 4. Low Story (dc-hs) - structures of less than 5 stories,
> or where evidence of similar height buildings is seen in
> imagery.
> Level 4. Multi-Story (dc-h+) - structures of 5 or more
> stories, or where evidence of similar height buildings is
> seen in imagery.
> Level 3. Moderate Density (dc-m) - 25 to 75 percent of land area
> developed for commercial use.
> Level 4. Low Story (dc-ms) - structures of less than 5 stories,
> or where evidence of similar height buildings is seen in
> imagery.
> Level 4. Multi-Story (dc-m+) - structures of 5 or more
> stories, or where evidence of similar height buildings is
> seen in imagery.
> Level 3. Low Density (dc-l) - less than 25 percent of land area
> developed for commercial use, includes low or multi-story,
> military ammunition bunkers, and similarly spaced
> structures.
> Level 2. Residential (dr) - areas used for human habitation.
> Level 3. High Density (dr-h) - greater than 75 percent of land
> area developed for human habitation.
> Level 4. Low Story (dr-hs) - structures of less than 5 stories,
> or where evidence of similar height buildings is seen in
> imagery.
> Level 4. Multi-Story (dr-h+) - structures of 5 or more
> stories, or where evidence of similar height buildings is
> seen in imagery.
> Level 3. Moderate Density (dr-m) - 25 to 75 percent of land area
> developed for human habitation.
> Level 4. Low Story (dr-ms) - structures of less than 5 stories,
> or where evidence of similar height buildings is seen in
> imagery.
> Level 4. Multi-Story (dr-m+) - structures of 5 or more
> stories, or where evidence of similar height buildings is
> seen in imagery.
> Level 3. Low Density (dr-l) - less than 25 percent of land area
> developed for human habitation, includes low or multi-story,
> ranchettes, homesteads, extensive yard landscaping, etc.
> Level 2. Social Services (ds) - government and private areas
> serving as schools, universities, government administrative
> offices, and health and welfare facilities (hospitals, public
> service venues, and recreation structures [enclosed stadiums,
> gymnasiums, swimming pool complexes]).
> Level 3. Government (ds-g) - public and private facilities and
> associated grounds used for government and public welfare
> such as religious complexes, memorials, hospitals, government
> facilities, community centers, and enclosed stadiums. Does
> not include vegetated recreation areas (such as ball fields
> or large open spaces) or cemeteries.
> Level 3. Education (ds-e) - public and private educational
> facilities and associated grounds such as schools, seminaries,
> university campuses, museums, and research centers. Includes
> enclosed recreation areas as part of an educational facility;
> does not include vegetated outdoor recreation areas (ball
> fields and large open spaces).
> Level 2. Public Infrastructure (du) - areas used for
> transportation, communication, and utilities, including
> facilities, associated lands, right-of-ways, and median strips
> for roads, parking facilities, railroads, airports, ports,
> utility transmission, power substation, water supply, and
> waste treatment and storage.
> Level 3. Utilities (du-u) - structures, facilities, and
> associated grounds used for power transmission,
> communications, treatment and storage of drinking water, and
> pumping stations.
> Level 3. Waste Management (du-w) - structures and associated land
> area used for solid and liquid waste treatment or disposal,
> such as sewage treatment, solid waste transfer, disposal, and
> recycling.
> Level 4. Landfill (du-wl) - structures, facilities, and
> associated grounds actively used for waste management and
> storage, including combinations of waste management
> activities. Land previously used for landfills, where the
> surface has been reclaimed for other uses (such as developed
> or vegetated), are not included.
> Level 4. Sewage Treatment (du-ws) - structures, facilities,
> transmission lines, and settling ponds (not natural
> wetlands) used in treatment of liquefied human and
> animal waste.
> Level 3. Airport (du-a) - the maintained active and overrun areas
> of runways, landing strips, taxiways, and intervening land;
> along with terminals, hangers, service buildings, offices,
> and navigation aids.
> Level 3. Automotive (du-c) - streets, roads, highways, and
> associated facilities, including maintained medians
> and shoulders considered part of the road prism.
> Level 3. Port (du-p) - docks, boat ramps, vessel storage areas,
> and associated structures of a port facility adjacent to
> water.
> Level 2. Open Space (do) - urban parks, recreation areas and
> associated facilities, golf courses, playing fields, cemeteries,
> and other maintained, semi-maintained, or vacant lots where
> structures occupy less than 25 percent of available space.
> Level 3. Recreation (do-r) - outdoor recreation areas with
> demarcated, maintained vegetation occupying more than 25
> percent of land area, such as baseball fields, and football
> fields. Includes associated structures and rest rooms
> occupying less than 25 percent of total developed area. Does
> not include multi-purpose parks with grass surfaces.
> Level 3. Maintained Vegetation (do-m) - vegetated surfaces where
> cover type is actively managed through physical or chemical
> means, including golf courses and multi-purpose parks.
> Includes areas with less than 75 percent tree or shrub
> cover, when herbaceous ground cover vegetation is actively
> maintained.
> Level 4. Golf Courses (do-mg) - golf courses and associated
> service facilities. Clubhouses, parking facilities, and
> multipurpose facilities are considered as separate
> categories when exceeding the minimum mapping units.
> Level 4. Multi-purpose (do-mm) - maintained herbaceous
> vegetation including parks, multipurpose open space,
> cemeteries, facility grounds, and other maintained areas
> with less than 75 percent tree canopy and structures are
> less than 25 percent of area.
> Level 3. Vacant (do-v) - land surfaces where the vegetation is
> occasionally or erratically maintained to sustain a vacant or
> open land area suitable for development, and built structures
> occupy less than 25 percent of area. Includes barren areas
> under construction.
>Level 1. Barren (b) - areas characterized by rock, gravel, sand,
> silt, clay, or other earthen material, not covered by water,
> with less than 25 percent vegetative cover or less than 5
> percent vegetative cover in arid areas. (Not differentiated
> except to identify mining surfaces).
> Level 2. Mining (bm) - areas of extractive mining activities and
> greater than 25 percent surface disturbance. Inactive or
> un-reclaimed areas are included until another category is
> applicable, includes mines, gravel pits, stockpiles, dredge
> spoils, and other earthen aggregate.
>Level 1. Other (other) - all areas not encompassed in the above
> class definitions; including water, wetland, forest, shrubland,
> herbaceous, and barren (other than mining).
Klasner, F.L., and Mikami, C.D., 2002, Land Use on the Island of
Oahu, Hawaii, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations Report 02-4301.
U.S. Geological Survey
Ask USGS - Water Webserver Team
mailing
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
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20041108
U.S. Geological Survey
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mailing
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
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