Nakagaki, Naomi
Price, Curtis V.
Falcone, James A.
Hitt, Kerie J.
Ruddy, Barbara C.
200711
Enhanced National Land Cover Data 1992 (NLCDe 92)
Version 1.1, June 2010: Addition of Auxiliary and Layer file
raster digital data
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?nlcde92
The enhanced National Land Cover Data 1992 ("NLCDe 92") served as the
primary source for nationally consistent mapped land cover during the
first decade of sampling for the National Water-Quality Assessment
(NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This 30-meter
(30-m) resolution digital map was developed by overlaying USGS's original
satellite imagery-based 1992 National Land Cover Data ("NLCD 92")
with selected classifications from USGS's aerial-photograph-based
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data of the 1970s to mid-1980s.
The LULC data set were combined with NLCD 92 because 1) some land
land cover types important to NAWQA were not fully represented in the
NLCD 92 and 2) the LULC data set is accepted as a better source of
information for certain land cover types that are difficult to interpret
from satellite imagery alone. Decision rules were used to modify the
NLCD 92 data set based on the co-located LULC data on a cell-by-cell
basis. The LULC classifications that were used to develop NLCDe 92
were "Residential," "Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and
Ornamental Horticultural Areas," and all 5 classifications of
Tundra. Although NLCDe 92 is nominally referenced to 1992, it
generally represents conditions in the early 1990s, the time period
when the majority of the imagery for NLCD 92 was captured.
This data set was used to characterize the land surface and human
activities for sites sampled in the NAWQA program. Land cover
information was generated for watersheds, riparian zones, well
buffers, and ground-water study areas. In addition, selected
land cover classifications from the NLCDe 92 were integrated
with other data sets that relate to specific categories of land
to improve area-weighted estimates of agricultural pesticide
application and nutrient loadings referenced to other geographies
such as county boundaries.
Data structure:
The NLCDe 92 data set is subdivided into quadrants: 1) NLCDe92_1
(northwest), 2) NLCDe92_2 (northeast), NLCDe92_3 (southwest), and
NLCDe92_4 (southeast). The digital data for each quadrant consist of
the following files:
nlcdex.tif--- This is the Tagged-Image Format File (TIFF) with
GeoTIFF georeferencing ("x" in the file name may be
1,2,3, or 4)
nlcdex.tfw--- This is the "World file" used by some software packages
for georeferencing the image file. This ASCII text
file contains the following information:
line 1: x resolution of pixel in map units
line 2: amount of translation
line 3: amount of rotation
line 4: negative of y resolution of pixel in map units
line 5: x-coordinate of the center of upper left pixel (Xmin)
line 6: y-coordinate of the center of upper left pixel (Ymax)
nlcde.lyr--- This is the layer file which is compatible with ESRI's ArcMap
Software product, and contains the symbology (color fills) and labels (land
class descriptions) for each land cover classification.
nlcdex.aux--- This file includes the coordinate system information.
nlcdex.tif.xml---This file is the metadata for the entire nlcde92 data set.
Applications:
The NLCDe 92 has been combined with other data sets to improve the
spatial distribution of, for instance, chemical application on
agricultural land. For example, mapped agricultural land was integrated
with county-based agricultural pesticide use (Thelin and Gianessi,
2000) and county-level nutrient input (Ruddy and others, 2006)
to improve estimates of chemicals applied to agricultural land
in study areas (Nakagaki and Wolock, 2005). Mapped areas of
"Row Crops," "Small Grains," "Fallow," "Pasture/Hay,"
"Orchards/Vineyards/Other," and "LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other"
were also used to create spatial data sets of pesticide use
(Nakagaki, 2007a,b), farm fertilizer (Hitt, 2007a,b), manure
applications (Hitt, 2007c,d), and irrigation (Hitt, 2007e, f).
Derivative data sets such as pesticide application and nutrient
loadings on agricultural land have served as input into
national models for estimating contamination by agricultural
chemicals in unmonitored areas (Larson and others, 2004; Nolan
and Hitt, 2006; Stackelberg and others, 2006).
Background:
The NLCDe 92 is a composite of the USGS's NLCD 92 (U.S. Geological
Survey, 1999) and USGS's enhanced Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
data (Price and others, 2007, modified from U.S. Geological Survey,
1998). The NLCD 92 is based on interpretation of Landsat satellite
Thematic-mapper (TM) imagery captured from the late 1980s
through early 1990s and was supplemented with a variety of
ancillary data (Vogelmann and others, 2001). The LULC data set
represents conditions compiled from aerial photographs taken in
the 1970s to mid-1980s (Anderson and others, 1976).
The NLCDe 92 was created by reclassifying NLCD 92 using the
following LULC classifications:
1) Residential (LULC code 11)
2) Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and Ornamental
Horticultural Areas (LULC code 22)
3) Shrub and Brush Tundra (LULC code 81)
4) Herbaceous Tundra (LULC code 82)
5) Bare Ground Tundra (LULC code 83)
6) Wet Tundra (LULC code 84)
7) Mixed Tundra (LULC code 85)
The LULC "Residential" classification was used to refine the
residential areas of NLCD 92, with and without canopy cover because
some residential areas with mature trees were misclassified
as forest in the NLCD 92. The LULC "Orchards, Groves, Vineyards,
Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural Areas" classification
was used to identify orchards of NLCD 92 where it was difficult
to distinguish them from surrounding deciduous forest using
satellite imagery. Tundra is not defined in the NLCD 92 so
the five LULC Tundra classifications were used to separate tundra
from primarily grasslands of NLCD 92.
The LULC data, natively in vector format, were gridded to 30-m
resolution, and 4 new classifications were developed in the NLCDe
92 using specific criteria. The added classifications and decision
rules are described below (Nakagaki and Wolock, 2005):
1) "LULC Tundra" - For the NLCDe 92, a 30-m grid cell in the
NLCD 92 that is classified as either "Shrubland" or
"Grasslands/Herbaceous" was reclassified as "LULC Tundra" if
the same 30- by 30-m area in the LULC data set is classified
as "Shrub and Brush Tundra," "Herbaceous Tundra," "Bare
Ground Tundra," "Wet Tundra," or "Mixed Tundra."
2) "NLCD/LULC Forested Residential" - For the NLCDe 92, a 30-m
grid cell in the NLCD 92 that is classified as "Deciduous Forest,"
"Evergreen Forest," or "Mixed Forest" was reclassified to "NLCD/LULC
Forested Residential" if the same 30- by 30-m area in the LULC
data set is classified as "Residential."
3) "LULC Residential" - For the NLCDe 92, a 30-m grid cell in the
NLCD 92 that is not classified as forest ("Deciduous Forest,"
"Evergreen Forest," "Mixed Forest"), water ("Open Water," "Woody
Wetlands," "Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands"), or urban ("Low Intensity
Residential," "High Intensity Residential,"
"Commercial/Industrial/Transportation," "Urban/Recreational Grasses")
was reclassified to "LULC Residential" if the same 30- by 30-m area
in the LULC data set is classified as "Residential."
4) "LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other" - For the NLCDe 92, a 30-m grid
cell in the NLCD 92 not classified as "Orchards/Vineyards/Other,"
and not classified as water or urban, was changed to
"LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other" if the same 30- by 30-m area in
the LULC data set is classified as "Orchards, Groves, Vineyards,
Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural Areas." The reclassification
of "LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other" was not done for California,
Florida, Washington, and Oregon because orchards and vineyards were
found to be well represented by the NLCD 92 in these states.
Because the NLCDe 92 was to be combined with multiple county-level
data sets, the NLCDe 92 was clipped to the conterminous U.S.
boundary and coastline using a 30-m resolution 1990 county
boundary grid. The 1990 county boundary grid was derived from
polygons of 1990 county boundaries (U.S. Department of Commerce,
1993) and the U.S. coastline boundary available from the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1994) (Jo Ann M. Gronberg,
U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2005). After the clipping
process took place, there were a number of grid cells along
the coastline and U.S. border that lacked a land cover code
because they fell beyond the map extent of the NLCDe 92 but were
located within the county border. These grid cells were assigned
a value of 99, the numeric code for "Missing Data. Excluding the
"Missing Data" category, there are 25 land cover classifications
in the NLCDe 92, 21 from the original NLCD 92, and 4 added
classifications (indicated with an *):
Code Classification
11 Open Water
12 Perennial Ice/Snow
21 Low Intensity Residential
22 High Intensity Residential
23 Commercial/Industrial/Transportation
25 LULC Residential*
26 NLCD/LULC Forested Residential*
31 Bare Rock/Sand/Clay
32 Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
33 Transitional
41 Deciduous Forest
42 Evergreen Forest
43 Mixed Forest
51 Shrubland
61 Orchards/Vineyards/Other
62 LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other*
71 Grasslands/Herbaceous
72 LULC Tundra*
81 Pasture/Hay
82 Row Crops
83 Small Grains
84 Fallow
85 Urban/Recreational Grasses
91 Woody Wetlands
92 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
99 Missing Data
NLCDe92 Classifications:
Below are the NLCDe 92 class definitions. Descriptions of the 21
NLCD 92 classifications are from U.S. Geological Survey's
Land Cover Institute (LCI) web page (http://landcover.usgs.gov/classes.php).
11. Open Water - areas of open water, generally with less
than 25 percent cover of vegetation/land cover.
12. Perennial Ice/Snow - areas characterized by year-long
surface cover of ice and/or snow.
21. Low Intensity Residential - areas with a mixture
of constructed materials and vegetation. Constructed
materials account for 30-80 percent of the cover. Vegetation
may account for 20-70 percent of the cover. These areas
most commonly include single-family housing units. Population
densities will be lower than in high intensity residential areas.
22. High Intensity Residential - highly developed
areas where people reside in high numbers. Examples include
apartment complexes and row houses. Vegetation accounts for less
than 20 percent of the cover. Constructed materials account for
80-100 percent of the cover.
23. Commercial/Industrial/Transportation - (areas consisting of)
infrastructure (e.g. roads, railroads, etc.) and all highly developed
areas not classified as "High Intensity Residential."
25. LULC Residential - areas that were not classified in
the NLCD 92 as forest ("Deciduous Forest," "Evergreen Forest," or
"Mixed Forest"), water ("Open Water," "Woody Wetlands," or "Emergent
Herbaceous Wetlands") or urban ("Low Intensity Residential," "High
Intensity Residential," "Commercial/Industrial/Transportation,"
"Urban/Recreational Grasses"), and were classified as "Residential"
in the LULC data set.
26. NLCD/LULC Forested Residential - areas that were
classified in the NLCD 92 as "Deciduous Forest," "Evergreen Forest,"
or "Mixed Forest" and as "Residential" in the LULC data set.
31. Bare Rock/Sand/Clay - perennially barren areas of bedrock, desert
pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, glacial debris,
beaches, and other accumulations of earthen material.
32. Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits - areas of extractive mining
activities with significant surface expression.
33. Transitional - areas of sparse vegetative cover (less than 25
percent of cover) that are dynamically changing from one land cover to
another, often because of land use activities. Examples include
forest clearcuts, a transition phase between forest and agricultural
land, the temporary clearing of vegetation, and changes due to
natural causes (e.g. fire, flood, etc.).
41. Deciduous Forest - areas dominated by trees where 75 percent
or more of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to
seasonal change.
42. Evergreen Forest - areas dominated by trees where 75 percent
or more of the tree species maintain their leaves all year. Canopy is
never without green foliage.
43. Mixed Forest - areas dominated by trees where neither
deciduous nor evergreen species represent more than 75 percent
of the cover present.
51. Shrubland - areas characterized by shrubs; shrub canopy accounts
for 25-100 percent of the cover. Shrub cover is generally greater
than 25 percent when tree cover is less than 25 percent. Shrub cover
may be less than 25 percent in cases when the cover of other life forms
(e.g. herbaceous or tree) is less than 25 percent and shrubs cover
exceeds the cover of the other life forms.
61. Orchards/Vineyards/Other - orchards, vineyards, and other areas
planted or maintained for the production of fruits, nuts, berries, or
ornamentals.
62. LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other - areas that were
not already classified as "Orchards/Vineyards/Other," nor
any of the water or urban classifications in the NLCD 92 and as
"Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural
Areas" in the LULC data set. (California, Oregon, Washington, and
Florida areas were excluded from reclassification to "LULC
Orchards/Vineyards/Other").
71. Grasslands/Herbaceous - areas dominated by upland grasses
and forbs. In rare cases, herbaceous cover is less than 25 percent,
but exceeds the combined cover of the woody species present.
These areas are not subject to intensive management, but they are
often utilized for grazing.
72. LULC Tundra - areas that were classified in the NLCD 92
as either "Shrubland" or "Grasslands/Herbaceous" and as "Shrub and Brush
Tundra," "Herbaceous Tundra," "Bare Ground Tundra," "Wet Tundra," or
"Mixed Tundra" in the LULC data set.
81. Pasture/Hay - areas of grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures
planted for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops.
82. Row Crops - areas used for the production of crops, such
as corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton.
83. Small Grains - areas used for the production of graminoid
crops such as wheat, barley, oats, and rice.
84. Fallow - areas used for the production of crops that do not exhibit
visible vegetation as a result of being tilled in a management practice
that incorporates prescribed alternation between cropping and tillage.
85. Urban/Recreational Grasses - (areas of) vegetation (primarily grasses)
planted in developed settings for recreation, erosion control, or
aesthetic purposes. Examples include parks, lawns, golf courses, airport
grasses, and industrial site grasses.
91. Woody Wetlands - areas where forest or shrubland vegetation
accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover and the soil or substrate
is periodically saturated with or covered with water.
92. Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands - areas where perennial
herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover
and the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered
with water.
99. Missing Data - areas within the county boundaries of the
conterminous United States that fell beyond the map extent of the
NLCD 92 and thus do not have land cover codes. These areas are
generally along the U.S. borders and coastlines.
Cited References:
Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach J.T., and Witmer R.E.,
1976, A land use and land cover classification system for
use with remote sensor data: U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 964, 28 p., accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/pp/pp964.
Hitt, K.J., 2007a, Vulnerability of shallow ground water and
drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States: Model
of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for
drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for
farm fertilizer (gwava-dw_ffer), digital map, accessed
August 29, 2007, at
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?gwava-dw_ffer.
Hitt, K.J., 2007b, Vulnerability of shallow ground water and
drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States: Model of
predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged
ground water -- Input data set for farm fertilizer (gwava-s_ffer),
digital map, accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?gwava-s_ffer.
Hitt, K.J., 2007c, Vulnerability of shallow ground water and
drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States: Model
of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for
drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for
confined manure (gwava-dw_conf), digital map, accessed August 29, 2007
at http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?gwava-dw_conf.
Hitt, K.J., 2007d, Vulnerability of shallow ground water and
drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States: Model
of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged
ground water -- Input data set for confined manure (gwava-s_conf),
digital map, accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?gwava-s_conf.
Hitt, K.J., 2007e, Vulnerability of shallow ground water and
drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States: Model of
predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for
drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for irrigation
tailwater recovery (gwava-dw_twre), digital map, accessed August 29, 2007
at http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?gwava-dw_twre.
Hitt, K.J., 2007f, Vulnerability of shallow ground water and
drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States: Model of
predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged
ground water -- Input data set for irrigation tailwater recovery
(gwava-s_twre), digital map, accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?gwava-s_twre.
Larson, S.J., Crawford, C.G., and Gilliom, R.J., 2004, Development
and application of watershed regressions for pesticides (WARP) for
estimating atrazine concentration distributions in streams:
U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report
03-4047, 68 p., accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034047.
Nakagaki, N., 2007a, Grids of agricultural pesticide use in
the conterminous United States, 1992, digital maps, accessed
August 29, 2007 at http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?agpest92grd.
Nakagaki, N., 2007b, Grids of agricultural pesticide use in
the conterminous United States, 1997, digital maps, accessed
August 29, 2007 at http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?agpest97grd.
Nakagaki, N. and Wolock, D.M., 2005, Estimation of agricultural
pesticide use in drainage basins using land cover maps and county
pesticide data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1188,
46 p., accessed August 29, 2007 at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1188/.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1994, NOS80K/ALLUS80K
medium-resolution digital vector U.S. shoreline, digital map, accessed
October 1, 2006 at
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/of2005-1048/data/basemaps/usa/nos80k/nos80k.htm.
Nolan, B.T. and Hitt, K.J., 2006, Vulnerability of shallow
groundwater and drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United
States, Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 40, no. 24, p. 7834-7840,
accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/nutrients/pubs/est_v40_no24/.
Price, C.V., Nakagaki, N., Hitt, K.J., and Clawges, R.M., 2007,
Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-Cover Data Sets of the
U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 240,
accessed August 29, 2007 at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/240.
Ruddy, B.C., Lorenz, D.L., and Mueller, D.K., 2006, County-level
estimates of nutrient inputs to the land surface of the conterminous
United States, 1982-2001, U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific
Investigations Report 2006-5012, 17 p., accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5012/.
Stackelberg, P.E., Gilliom, R.J., Wolock, D.M., and Hitt, K.J., 2006,
Development and application of a regression equation for estimating
the occurrence of atrazine in shallow ground water beneath
agricultural areas of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5287, 27 p., accessed August 29,
2007 at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5287.
Thelin, G.P., and Gianessi, L.P., 2000, Method for estimating pesticide
use for county areas of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey
Open-File Report 00-250, 62 p., accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/ofr00250/.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1993, 1:100,000-scale
Counties of the United States, digital map, accessed September 1, 2005
at http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?county100.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Land use and land cover digital data
from 1:250,000- and 1:100,000-scale maps, digital maps, accessed
December 26, 2006 at http://eros.usgs.gov/products/landcover/lulc.html.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, National land cover data 1992,
digital files, accessed June 15, 2005 at
http://eros.usgs.gov/products/landcover/nlcd.html.
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662, accessed August 29, 2007 at
http://www.asprs.org/publications/pers/2001journal/june/highlight.html.
1986
1995
This data set primarily represents conditions in
the early 1990s, the time period when the majority of the Landsat imagery
used to develop the NLCD 92 was captured. The beginning and ending dates
above represent the entire range of acquisition dates for all the Landsat
imagery used in the production of the NLCD 92.
None planned
-128.307900
-65.143599
51.857938
22.736542
None
land use
land cover
NLCD 1992
NLCDe
GIRAS
Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System
LULC
Land Use and Land Cover
Land Characterization
Land Resources
National Water Quality Assessment
NAWQA
National land cover data
None
United States
None
Conterminous United States
USA
none
Because this data set is a combined product of USGS's NLCD 92
and USGS's LULC data set, users are cautioned to be aware of
the differences in classification methodology, data compilation,
resolution, and time period of data capture of the two data sources.
Accuracy assessments of the NLCD 92 have been conducted on a
region-by-region basis using a scientifically rigorous approach
(Vogelmann and others, 2001). Because this data set is chiefly
composed of the NLCD 92, please refer to the accuracy assessment
available from http://landcover.usgs.gov/accuracy/index.php.
In general, users should not rely on the accuracy of
the land cover classification at the grid-cell level and instead
are encouraged to use the NLCDe 92 in a spatially aggregated form.
Acknowledgements of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated
for data sets and other products derived from the NLCDe 92.
U.S. Geological Survey
Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team
mailing address
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
USA
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+nlcde92
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/nlcde92.jpg
Illustration of the data set
JPEG
Contributors to the development of the NLCDe 92 include David K. Mueller,
Gail P. Thelin, and Robert J. Gilliom. The authors are very grateful to
Terri L. Arnold and Steven Sobieszczyk for their meticulous reviews of this
data set and the metadata.
None
Unclassified
None
Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2
ArcInfo version 9.1
See Supplemental_Information section.
Not applicable to raster data.
Complete for the conterminous United States.
no tests were performed
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
1999
National Land Cover Data 1992
raster digital data
Sioux Falls, SD, USA
U.S. Geological Survey
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
http://www.asprs.org/publications/pers/2001journal/june/highlight.html
http://landcover.usgs.gov/natllandcover.php
raster digital data
1986
1995
Landsat data acquired between 1986
and 1995; NLCD GeoTIFF state-level data files were downloaded
from http://eros.usgs.gov/products/landcover/nlcd.html,
on 11/16/00
NLCD 92
NLCD 92 (National Land Cover Data 1992) is a
21-category land cover classification scheme that has been applied
consistently over the conterminous United States. It is based
primarily on the unsupervised classification of Landsat TM
(Thematic Mapper) 1992 imagery. Ancillary data sources
included topography, census, agricultural statistics, soil
characteristics, other land cover maps, and wetlands data. The
NLCD 92 is available as raster data with a spatial resolution of
30 meters.
Curtis V. Price
Naomi Nakagaki
Kerie J. Hitt
Rick M. Clawges
2007
Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-Cover Data Sets of the U.S. Geological Survey
1.0
raster digital data
U.S. Geological Survey Data Series
240
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/240/
online
1970
1985
ground condition (air photographs collected between 1970-1985)
LULC, a.k.a. GIRAS (Geographic
Information Retrieval Analysis System)
A 30-m resolution grid of this data set
provided the spatial and attribute data for the following land
use and land classifications: "Residential"; "Orchards, Groves,
Vineyards, Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural Areas";
"Shrub and Brush Tundra"; "Herbaceous Tundra"; "Bare Ground Tundra";
"Wet Tundra"; and "Mixed Tundra."
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
1993
1:100,000-scale counties of the United States
vector digital data
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?county100
online
1990
publication date
county100
county boundaries and county code (FIPS) were
used to develop the 30-m resolution 1990 county boundaries grid.
The US boundary and coastline defined in the county boundaries
grid was used to clip the NLCDe 92 and used to overlay with
the NLCD 92 to define the boundaries of California, Washington,
Oregon, and Florida in developing the "LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other"
classification.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
National Ocean Service (NOS), Office of Coast Survey, and the
Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) Division of the Office
of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment (ORCA)
1994
NOS80K/ALLUS80K medium-resolution digital vector U.S. shoreline
vector digital data
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/of2005-1048/data/basemaps/usa/nos80k/nos80k.htm
online
1988
1992
publication date
allus80k
coastline delineations were
used to develop the 30-m resolution 1990 county boundaries grid.
The US boundary and coastline defined in the county boundaries
grid was used to clip the NLCDe 92 and used to overlay with
the NLCD 92 to define the boundaries of California, Washington,
Oregon, and Florida in developing the "LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other"
classification.
GeoTIFF files of the NLCD 92 were downloaded from U.S.
Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observation and
Science (EROS) web site, at
http://eros.usgs.gov/products/landcover/nlcd.html
20001116
The state-level GeoTIFF files were converted to ArcInfo
grids, then aggregated and split into 4 quadrant
grids. The northwest grid was named "NLCDG1," the northeast
grid was named "NLCDG2," the southwest grid was named "NLCDG3,"
and the southeast grid was named "NLCDG4".
Below are the NLCD 92 grid cell counts by land class code for
each of the quadrant grids:
>Arc: list NLCDG1.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 56407175
12 1522279
21 10886041
22 394876
23 6937295
31 54805473
32 1017327
33 17013695
41 49431874
42 535918326
43 33624760
51 688232797
61 6681384
71 701386742
81 96113804
82 97719625
83 147747615
84 76395315
85 1176234
91 5148416
92 19161415
>Arc: list NLCDG2.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 228955906
21 34396534
22 9657269
23 18039678
31 762076
32 2760978
33 5441444
41 410353023
42 81681022
43 123313325
51 1848624
61 55889
71 26626305
81 268751518
82 568897992
83 12751157
84 10751
85 8801483
91 90174033
92 33054375
>Arc: list NLCDG3.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 19564052
12 166604
21 9740770
22 2157846
23 6962559
31 64722623
32 957428
33 232014
41 26575372
42 222386320
43 8748611
51 864666009
61 7399494
71 539096049
81 50964383
82 110833568
83 91170397
84 3211235
85 1301779
91 587207
92 1782989
>Arc: list NLCDG4.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 144990512
21 36185967
22 11176863
23 18572555
31 2468940
32 2697205
33 32457680
41 550030096
42 276449200
43 213847807
51 18878235
61 4819653
71 111751879
81 388585758
82 315626921
83 44744512
84 8426
85 8769928
91 149894432
92 55308412
200508
The NLCD 92 quadrant grids were overlaid with USGS's
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data set (30-m resolution).
The LULC data set that was used for the overlay in generating
the NLCDe 92 was a working version of the published version in
the USGS's Data Series 240.
DECISION RULES FOR PROCESSING
Below are the decision rules and corresponding ARC Workstation
Grid processing commands (shown with "Grid:" prompt) that were used
to modify the original NLCD 92 land cover classification codes to
develop the enhanced National Land Cover Data (NLCDe 92) . The data
were processed as four 30-m resolution grids, one grid for each
quadrant of the conterminous United States, and the procedure
outlined below was followed once for each of the 4 grids.
Descriptions of grid names used in the procedure:
"NLCDG"-----represents a 30-m resolution NLCD 92 quadrant grid;
"GIRASG"----represents a 30-m resolution LULC quadrant grid;
"STATEG"----represents the national 1-km representation of the
state boundaries in the conterminous U.S., generalized
from the 1990 county boundaries
"CNTYG"-----represents a national 30-m resolution 1990 county
boundaries of the conterminous U.S.
"ORCHARDG"--represents a 30-m resolution quadrant grid of
cells that were reclassified as "LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other"
"TUNDRAG"---represents a 30-m resolution quadrant grid of
cells that were reclassified as "LULC Tundra"
"RESG"------represents a 30-m resolution quadrant grid of cells that
were reclassified as "LULC Residential" or
"NLCD/LULC Forested Residential"
"NLCDETMPG"-represents an unclipped 30-m resolution NLCDe 92 quadrant grid
"NLCDE92"---represents a 30-m resolution NLCDe 92 quadrant grid (final product)
Rules:
1) Identify NLCD 92 grid cells that should be reclassified to
"LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other."
The orchards and vineyards were determined to be well represented in
four states (California, Florida, Oregon, and Washington) in the NLCD 92;
therefore reclassification of NLCD 92 did not take place for orchards and
vineyards in these states.
Reclassify NLCD 92 grid cells to new NLCDe 92 code 62 ("LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other") if:
a) the LULC grid cell was classified as "Orchards, Groves, Vineyards,
Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural Areas" (LULC code 22), and
a) the same 30-by-30m area is outside of CA, FL, OR, and WA (state FIPS Codes
6,12,41,53, respectively), and
c) the NLCD 92 grid cell was not classified as:
i) Orchards/Vineyards/Other (NLCD 92 code 61)
ii) Open Water (NLCD 92 code 11),
iii) Low Intensity Residential (NLCD 92 code 21),
iv) High Intensity Residential (NLCD 92 code 22),
v) Commercial/Industrial/Transportation (NLCD 92 code 23), or
vi) Urban/Recreational Grass (NLCD 92 code 85).
> Grid: ORCHARDG = con(GIRASG eq 22 ~
> and isnull(STATEG in {6,12,41,53}) ~
> and isnull(NLCDG in {61,11,21,22,23,85}), 62)
2) Identify NLCD 92 grid cells that should be reclassified to "LULC Tundra."
Reclassify NLCD 92 grid cells to new NLCDe 92 code 72 ("LULC Tundra") if:
a) the LULC grid cell is classified as "Shrub and Brush
Tundra," "Herbaceous Tundra," "Bare Ground Tundra," "Wet Tundra,"
and "Mixed Tundra" (LULC codes 81,82,83,84,and 85,
respectively), and
b) the NLCD 92 grid cell is "Grassland/Herbaceous" or "Shrubland"
(NLCD 92 codes 51 and 71, respectively).
> Grid: TUNDRAG = con (GIRASG in {81,82,83,84,85} and ~
NLCDG in {51,71}, 72)
3) Identify NLCD 92 grid cells that should be reclassified to "LULC Residential" or
to "NLCD/LULC Forested Residential".
Reclassify NLCD 92 grid cells to new NLCDe 92 code 25 ("LULC Residential") if:
a) LULC grid cell is classified as "Residential" (LULC code 11), and
b) NLCD 92 grid cell is not classified as "Open Water,"
"Low Intensity Residential," "High Intensity Residential," "Commercial/
Industrial/Transportation," "Urban/Recreational Grasses," "Woody Wetlands,"
or "Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands" (NLCD 92 codes 11,21,22,23,85,91 and 92,
respectively), and
c) NLCD 92 grid cell is *not* classified as "Deciduous Forest," "Evergreen Forest,"
or "Mixed Forest" (NLCD 92 codes 41,42,43, respectively).
Reclassify NLCD 92 grid cells to new NLCDe 92 code 26 ("NLCD/LULC Forested Residential") if:
a) LULC grid cell is classified as "Residential" (LULC code 11), and
b) NLCD 92 grid cell is not classified as "Open Water," ""Low Intensity Residential,"
"High Intensity Residential," "Commercial/Industrial/Transportation," "Urban/Recreational
Grasses," "Woody Wetlands," or "Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands"
(NLCD 92 codes 11,21,22,23,85,91 and 92, respectively), and
c) NLCD 92 grid cell *is* classified as "Deciduous Forest," "Evergreen Forest,"
or "Mixed Forest" (NLCD 92 codes 41,42,43, respectively).
> Grid: RESG = con(GIRASG eq 11 and ~
> isnull(NLCDG in {11,21,22,23,85,91,92}),~
> con(isnull(NLCDG in {41,42,43}),25,26) )
4) Combine all the results together (ORCHARDG, TUNDRAG, RESG), cell by cell.
For a given location, the first valid grid cell value takes
precedence. For example, if all three rules above did not
apply, no output cell value is assigned, and the original
NLCD 92 grid cell value is preserved in the NLCDe 92 data set.
> Grid: NLCDETMPG = merge(RESG,ORCHARDG,TUNDRAG,NLCDG)
Below are the cell counts of the (interim) NLCDe 92 quadrant grids:
> Arc: list NLCDETMPG1.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 56407175
12 1522241
21 10886041
22 394876
23 6937295
25 3270048 (new classification)
26 2462690 (new classification)
31 54770030
32 1012929
33 17000653
41 48641527
42 534741469
43 33122700
51 683053565
61 6499275
62 118726 (new classification)
71 694679753
72 10121683 (new classification)
81 95031078
82 97613563
83 147579036
84 76370276
85 1176234
91 5148381
92 19161224
> Arc: list NLCDETMPG2.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 228955906
21 34396534
22 9657269
23 18039678
25 4661362 (new classification)
26 9272484 (new classification)
31 703211
32 2728112
33 5364916
41 404022131
42 80582888
43 120990880
51 1842672
61 53460
62 2044587 (new classification)
71 26457580
81 264697611
82 567106359
83 12737987
84 10749
85 8801483
91 90156111
92 33049412
> Arc: list NLCDETMPG3.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 19564052
12 166540
21 9740770
22 2157846
23 6962559
25 3414255 (new classification)
26 761647 (new classification)
31 64522590
32 953460
33 231606
41 26491737
42 221908956
43 8519779
51 860940750
61 7352564
62 913225 (new classification)
71 535342247
72 4520206 (new classification)
81 50505906
82 110345503
83 91032559
84 3207956
85 1301779
91 586332
92 1782485
> Arc: list NLCDETMPG4.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 144990512
21 36185967
22 11176863
23 18572555
25 7724858 (new classification)
26 12907272 (new classification)
31 2381308
32 2673363
33 32200587
41 544021036
42 273048197
43 209863181
51 18732576
61 4626640
62 1670463 (new classification)
71 111343554
81 383243421
82 313333432
83 44634786
84 8426
85 8769928
91 149855359
92 55300697
200508
The 30-m resolution NLCDe 92 quadrant grids were then clipped
to the 30-m resolution 1990 county boundaries grid.
Grid cells along the periphery of the U.S. boundary without an assigned
land-cover code were assigned a value of "99." These grid cells were
outside of the map extent of the NLCD 92 but within the extent of
the 30-m resolution county boundary grid. These 30-m grid cells were
assigned a value of "99" while the grid cells outside of the
county boundary maintained the "no data" grid cell value. Below are
the counties and number of 30-m grid cells that were assigned a value
of "99":
>FIPS # of CELLS ST CNTYNAME
>6,025 1 CA IMPERIAL
>12087 454 FL MONROE
>26033 1 MI CHIPPEWA
>27031 20,342 MN COOK
>27071 50 MN KOOCHICHING
>27077 7 MN LAKE OF THE WOODS
>27137 400 MN ST LOUIS
>36019 1,782 NY CLINTON
>36033 2,285 NY FRANKLIN
>36045 37 NY JEFFERSON
>36089 2,341 NY ST LAWRENCE
Below is the procedure that was used to add null land use codes (99) and
clip the interim nlcde grids to the outside boundary defined by the 30-m
resolution 1990 county boundary grid. The output from this process
resulted in the final NLCDe 92 quadrant grids.
> Grid: setcell 30
> Grid: setwindow NLCDETMPG NLCDETMPG
> Grid: setmask CNTYG
> Grid: NLCDE92 = con(isnull(NLCDETMPG),99,NLCDETMPG)
Below are the cell counts of the final NLCDe 92 quadrant grids:
> Arc: list NLCDE92_1.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 34562023
12 1522059
21 10885977
22 394874
23 6937250
25 3270047
26 2462687
31 54768610
32 1012929
33 16999910
41 48638505
42 534717319
43 33122317
51 683048136
61 6499183
62 118726
71 694633081
72 10121565
81 95027214
82 97612033
83 147567073
84 76364429
85 1176224
91 5148172
92 19160876
> Arc: list NLCDE92_2.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 44938928
21 34396093
22 9657233
23 18037821
25 4661354
26 9272478
31 703105
32 2728102
33 5363057
41 403925959
42 80534812
43 120896603
51 1842196
61 53459
62 2044587
71 26457203
81 264694569
82 567086957
83 12737564
84 10749
85 8801165
91 90147764
92 33047052
99 27245
> Arc: list NLCDE92_3.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 9212044
12 166540
21 9738777
22 2157643
23 6959871
25 3414225
26 761633
31 64489598
32 953433
33 231606
41 26468976
42 221886647
43 8519702
51 860620187
61 7351712
62 913194
71 535229626
72 4520206
81 50482686
82 110311711
83 91032136
84 3207950
85 1301625
91 585785
92 1781561
99 1
> Arc: list NLCDE92_4.vat
VALUE COUNT
11 54483791
21 36185928
22 11176863
23 18572480
25 7724835
26 12907261
31 2373207
32 2673363
33 32200587
41 544016777
42 273043885
43 209863174
51 18724862
61 4626640
62 1670386
71 111337767
81 383239657
82 313320000
83 44634786
84 8426
85 8769904
91 149855203
92 55300522
99 454
200509
The quadrant grids were converted to GeoTIFF images for
distribution. They were converted to images using the Arc
Workstation grid command "gridimage." (Note: when the
grid to TIFF conversion took place, all "no data" cells
transformed into pixels with a zero value.)
The GeoTIFF image format allows red-green-blue (RGB) color values
to be assigned to the index values and stores them in the
TIFF image header. The index values correspond to the NLCDe 92
land cover codes and thus can be used to create color maps.
GeoTIFF colormap
Value,Red,Green,Blue,Land Cover Classification
----0,254,254,254,No Data, outside of conterminous U.S.
---11,000,182,235,Open Water
---12,240,240,241,Perennial Ice/Snow
---21,251,222,229,Low Intensity Residential
---22,242,133,173,High Intensity Residential
---23,214,000,121,Commercial/Industrial/Transportation
---25,224,175,198,LULC Residential
---26,199,110,151,NLCD/LULC Forested Residential
---31,174,085,071,Bare Rock/Sand/Clay
---32,191,147,134,Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
---33,136,082,050,Transitional
---41,154,210,173,Deciduous Forest
---42,000,145,070,Evergreen Forest
---43,139,197,062,Mixed Forest
---51,198,151,058,Shrubland
---61,198,159,201,Orchards/Vineyards/Other
---62,143,062,151,LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other
---71,233,209,174,Grasslands/Herbaceous
---72,208,210,211,LULC Tundra
---81,251,240,208,Pasture/Hay
---82,254,246,156,Row Crops
---83,251,174,022,Small Grains
---84,254,211,000,Fallow
---85,229,239,202,Urban/Recreational Grasses
---91,152,214,219,Woody Wetlands
---92,050,149,173,Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
---99,099,099,099,No land cover data, but within county boundaries,
as defined in 30-m resolution 1990 county boundary grid
200705
For ESRI software users, the layer file (.lyr) and auxiliary file (.aux) were
added with each quad data set to facilitate the use of the nlcde92 data. The
layer file contains symbology (color fills) and labels (land cover descriptions)
that pertain to the nlcde data set, and the auxiliary file contains the projection
information, which is one of ESRI's predefined coordinate systems (USA Contiguous
Albers Equal Area Conic USGS).
201006
Raster
Grid Cell
44167 (NLCDe92_1,NLCDe92_2); 53833 (NLCDe92_3,NLCDe92_4)
73167(NLCDe92_1,NLCDe92_3); 81666(NLCDe92_2,NLCDe92_4)
Albers Conical Equal Area
29.5
45.5
-96
23
0.00000
0.00000
coordinate pair
30.0
30.0
Meters
North American Datum of 1983
GRS1980
6378206.4
294.98
GeoTIFF image grid cell
any of the data elements in the TIFF file
USGS
GeoTIFF image value
index value and numeric code representing
a land cover classification
USGS, National Land Cover Data 1992
0
No Data
USGS (assigned)
11
Open Water
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
12
Perennial Ice/Snow
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
21
Low Intensity Residential
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
22
High Intensity Residential
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
23
Commercial/Industrial/Transportation
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
25
LULC Residential
Nakagaki, N. and Wolock, D.M., 2005, Estimation of agricultural
pesticide use in drainage basins using land cover maps and county
pesticide data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1188,
46 p.
26
NLCD/LULC Forested Residential
Nakagaki, N. and Wolock, D.M., 2005, Estimation of agricultural
pesticide use in drainage basins using land cover maps and county
pesticide data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1188,
46 p.
31
Bare Rock/Sand/Clay
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
32
Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
33
Transitional
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
41
Deciduous Forest
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
42
Evergreen Forest
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
43
Mixed Forest
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
51
Shrubland
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
61
Orchards/Vineyards/Other
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
62
LULC Orchards/Vineyards/Other
Nakagaki, N. and Wolock, D.M., 2005, Estimation of agricultural
pesticide use in drainage basins using land cover maps and county
pesticide data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1188,
46 p.
71
Grassland/Herbaceous
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
72
LULC Tundra
Nakagaki, N. and Wolock, D.M., 2005, Estimation of agricultural
pesticide use in drainage basins using land cover maps and county
pesticide data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1188,
46 p.
81
Pasture/Hay
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
82
Row Crops
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
83
Small Grains
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
84
Fallow
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
85
Urban/Recreational Grasses
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
91
Woody Wetlands
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
92
Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R.,
Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001, Completion of the
1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous
United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and
ancillary data sources: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 67, p. 650-662.
99
Missing Data
USGS (assigned)
Red
Red component of RGB color display for (index) value
USGS
0
254
Green
Green component of RGB color display for (index) value
USGS
0
254
Blue
Blue component of RGB color display for (index) value
USGS
0
254
U.S. Geological Survey
Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team
mailing address
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
USA
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+nlcde92
Although this data set has been used by the U.S. Geological
Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty
expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey
as to the accuracy of the data and related materials. The
act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty,
and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological
Survey in the use of this data, software, or related
materials.
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive
purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
Government.
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata
file is intended to document the data set in
nonproprietary form, this metadata file may include some
vendor-specific terminology.
GeoTIFF
1.0
http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/spec/geotiffhome.html
Categorical raster data
for northwest quadrant
ZIP-format archive
350,329 KB
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/nlcde/nlcde92_1.zip
GeoTIFF
1.0
http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/spec/geotiffhome.html
Categorical raster data
for the northeast quadrant
ZIP-format archive
332,599 KB
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/nlcde/nlcde92_2.zip
GeoTIFF
1.0
http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/spec/geotiffhome.html
Categorical raster data
for the southwest quadrant
ZIP-format archive
270,212 KB
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/nlcde/nlcde92_3.zip
GeoTIFF
1.0
http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/spec/geotiffhome.html
Categorical raster data
for the southeast quadrant
ZIP-format archive
516,367 KB
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/nlcde/nlcde92_4.zip
None. This data set is provided by USGS as a public service.
201006
U.S. Geological Survey
Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team
mailing address
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
USA
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
http://water.usgs.gov/user_feedback_form.html
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998