U.S. Geological Survey
20050315
1970's Land use data refined with 2000 population data to indicate new residential development for
the conterminous United States
Version 1
raster digital data
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?newlu00g
Hitt, Kerie J
1976
1970's Land use data refined with 2000 population data to indicate new residential development for
the conterminous United States
map
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
This data set represents U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
historical Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) from the 1970's that
has been refined with 2000 population density at the block group
level to indicate new residential development representative of
the early 2000's. Any area having a population density of at
least 1,000 people per square mile had been re-classified as
"urban" land in this data set.
This is one of the ancillary GIS (geographic information system)
data layers developed to characterize USGS National
Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) sampling sites and study areas
for national synthesis of water-quality data. For background on
the design of the NAWQA program see Gilliom and others (1995).
This data set was developed by the NAWQA program to fill a
requirement for a nationally consistent land-use data base that
would define where "urban" land existed during the early 2000's
for comparison to a similar product prepared with 1990
population to represent the 1990's.
The best available nationally consistent land-use data base
available at the time NAWQA began (1992) was the LULC data that
was developed by USGS under the Land Use Data Analysis (LUDA)
program in the 1970's-1980's. LULC maps were delineated
manually from aerial photography, and LULC codes were assigned
using a hierarchical land use and land cover classification
scheme described by Anderson and others (1976). The maps were
published by quadrangles at scales of 1:250,000 and 1:100,000
(USGS, 1990). The native digital format of the USGS LULC data
is Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS).
In 1992, a similar nationally consistent LULC data base for the
1990's did not exist. NAWQA's approach was to take the 1970's
LULC data as a base and then enhance it with more current, more
detailed ancillary information on population (Hitt, 1994). The
procedure was used first with 1990 population data. Later the
same approach was used with 2000 population data.
NAWQA developed a classification scheme for defining
"residential" land use based on population density. The
classification scheme determined "residential" land as any area
with population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile
(386 people per square kilometer).
The procedure to refine the LULC data was to overlay the 1970's
land use with 2000 population density by block group. Any area
in the derivative product that met the following criteria was
re-assigned a new land use code of "new residential:" (1)
original LULC land use was not urban or built-up, (2) original
LULC land use was not water, and (3) 2000 population density was
at least 1,000 people per square mile.
The ArcInfo Workstation grid is stored in the newlu00g.tgz file
(gzipped tar file). The uncompressed file size of newlu00g.tar
is about 109 MB. Ways to extract the grid from the .tgz archive
file include TARARC, Winzip, UnStuffIt, or the following GNU
utilities for WIN32:
gunzip newlu00g.tgz
tar xvof newlu00g.tar
The grid "newlu00g" will be in a subdirectory called arctar00000.
arctar00000/
arctar00000/info/
arctar00000/info/arc.dir
arctar00000/info/arc0000.dat
arctar00000/info/arc0000.nit
arctar00000/info/arc0001.dat
arctar00000/info/arc0001.nit
arctar00000/info/arc0002.dat
arctar00000/info/arc0002.nit
arctar00000/info/arc0002r.001
arctar00000/log
arctar00000/newlu00g/
arctar00000/newlu00g/dblbnd.adf
arctar00000/newlu00g/hdr.adf
arctar00000/newlu00g/log
arctar00000/newlu00g/prj.adf
arctar00000/newlu00g/sta.adf
arctar00000/newlu00g/vat.adf
arctar00000/newlu00g/w001001.adf
arctar00000/newlu00g/w001001x.adf
arctar00000/newlu00g.aux
Related_Spatial_and_Tabular_Data_Sets:
The data set is provided as a GeoTIFF image (newlu00g.tif is
contained in newlu00g.tar.gz) as well as native ArcInfo
Workstation GRID format (newlu00g.tgz). The GeoTIFF file is
provided as a nonproprietary format in case the user's software
cannot access the data in ArcInfo Workstation GRID format. The
uncompressed GeoTIFF file size is 1348131109 bytes.
The following table describes the index values stored in an
embedded color map in the GeoTIFF image:
Index RGB Values
Value R G B
-----------------------------------------------------------------
0 no data
10 255 20 147
11 255 0 255
12 255 0 0
13 208 32 144
14 255 105 180
15 255 192 203
16 238 130 238
17 255 228 225
21 255 215 0
22 255 255 0
23 255 140 0
24 238 221 130
31 255 250 205
32 244 164 96
33 218 165 32
41 152 251 152
42 0 255 0
43 124 252 0
51 135 206 250
52 0 191 255
53 0 255 255
54 175 238 238
61 127 255 212
62 72 209 204
71 233 150 122
72 184 134 11
73 210 180 140
74 165 42 42
75 188 143 143
76 139 69 19
77 143 188 143
81 218 112 214
82 123 104 238
83 138 43 226
84 0 0 205
85 160 32 240
91 211 211 211
92 105 105 105
The newlu00g.aux (auxiliary) file archived with the .tif file
stores coordinate system information for the .tif file and is
recognized by ArcGIS.
The newlu00g.clr (colormap) file specifies the colors to be used
for displaying ArcInfo Workstation grid cell values. This is an
ascii file containing the index numbers 0-255 followed by RGB
values:
Index -- RGB Values ---
Value red green blue
(LULC
code)
----------------------------
# value red green blue
0 30 30 30
1 30 30 30
2 30 30 30
3 30 30 30
4 30 30 30
5 30 30 30
6 30 30 30
7 30 30 30
8 30 30 30
9 30 30 30
10 255 20 147
11 255 0 255
12 255 0 0
13 208 32 144
14 255 105 180
15 255 192 203
16 238 130 238
17 255 228 225
18 30 30 30
19 30 30 30
20 30 30 30
21 255 215 0
22 255 255 0
23 255 140 0
24 238 221 130
25 30 30 30
26 30 30 30
27 30 30 30
28 30 30 30
29 30 30 30
30 30 30 30
31 255 250 205
32 244 164 96
33 218 165 32
34 30 30 30
35 30 30 30
36 30 30 30
37 30 30 30
38 30 30 30
39 30 30 30
40 30 30 30
41 152 251 152
42 0 255 0
43 124 252 0
44 30 30 30
45 30 30 30
46 30 30 30
47 30 30 30
48 30 30 30
49 30 30 30
50 30 30 30
51 135 206 250
52 0 191 255
53 0 255 255
54 175 238 238
55 30 30 30
56 30 30 30
57 30 30 30
58 30 30 30
59 30 30 30
60 30 30 30
61 127 255 212
62 72 209 204
63 30 30 30
64 30 30 30
65 30 30 30
66 30 30 30
67 30 30 30
68 30 30 30
69 30 30 30
70 30 30 30
71 233 150 122
72 184 134 11
73 210 180 140
74 165 42 42
75 188 143 143
76 139 69 19
77 143 188 143
78 30 30 30
79 30 30 30
80 30 30 30
81 218 112 214
82 123 104 238
83 138 43 226
84 0 0 205
85 160 32 240
86 30 30 30
87 30 30 30
88 30 30 30
89 30 30 30
90 30 30 30
91 211 211 211
92 105 105 105
93 30 30 30
94 30 30 30
95 30 30 30
96 30 30 30
97 30 30 30
98 30 30 30
99 30 30 30
100 30 30 30
101 30 30 30
102 30 30 30
103 30 30 30
104 30 30 30
105 30 30 30
106 30 30 30
107 30 30 30
108 30 30 30
109 30 30 30
110 30 30 30
111 30 30 30
112 30 30 30
113 30 30 30
114 30 30 30
115 30 30 30
116 30 30 30
117 30 30 30
118 30 30 30
119 30 30 30
120 30 30 30
121 30 30 30
122 30 30 30
123 30 30 30
124 30 30 30
125 30 30 30
126 30 30 30
127 30 30 30
128 30 30 30
129 30 30 30
130 30 30 30
131 30 30 30
132 30 30 30
133 30 30 30
134 30 30 30
135 30 30 30
136 30 30 30
137 30 30 30
138 30 30 30
139 30 30 30
140 30 30 30
141 30 30 30
142 30 30 30
143 30 30 30
144 30 30 30
145 30 30 30
146 30 30 30
147 30 30 30
148 30 30 30
149 30 30 30
150 30 30 30
151 30 30 30
152 30 30 30
153 30 30 30
154 30 30 30
155 30 30 30
156 30 30 30
157 30 30 30
158 30 30 30
159 30 30 30
160 30 30 30
161 30 30 30
162 30 30 30
163 30 30 30
164 30 30 30
165 30 30 30
166 30 30 30
167 30 30 30
168 30 30 30
169 30 30 30
170 30 30 30
171 30 30 30
172 30 30 30
173 30 30 30
174 30 30 30
175 30 30 30
176 30 30 30
177 30 30 30
178 30 30 30
179 30 30 30
180 30 30 30
181 30 30 30
182 30 30 30
183 30 30 30
184 30 30 30
185 30 30 30
186 30 30 30
187 30 30 30
188 30 30 30
189 30 30 30
190 30 30 30
191 30 30 30
192 30 30 30
193 30 30 30
194 30 30 30
195 30 30 30
196 30 30 30
197 30 30 30
198 30 30 30
199 30 30 30
200 30 30 30
201 30 30 30
202 30 30 30
203 30 30 30
204 30 30 30
205 30 30 30
206 30 30 30
207 30 30 30
208 30 30 30
209 30 30 30
210 30 30 30
211 30 30 30
212 30 30 30
213 30 30 30
214 30 30 30
215 30 30 30
216 30 30 30
217 30 30 30
218 30 30 30
219 30 30 30
220 30 30 30
221 30 30 30
222 30 30 30
223 30 30 30
224 30 30 30
225 30 30 30
226 30 30 30
227 30 30 30
228 30 30 30
229 30 30 30
230 30 30 30
231 30 30 30
232 30 30 30
233 30 30 30
234 30 30 30
235 30 30 30
236 30 30 30
237 30 30 30
238 30 30 30
239 30 30 30
240 30 30 30
241 30 30 30
242 30 30 30
243 30 30 30
244 30 30 30
245 30 30 30
246 30 30 30
247 30 30 30
248 30 30 30
249 30 30 30
250 30 30 30
251 30 30 30
252 30 30 30
253 30 30 30
254 30 30 30
255 30 30 30
--------------------------------------------------------------
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata
file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary
form, as well as in ArcInfo format, this metadata file may
include some ArcInfo-specific terminology.
Use of trade names in this report is for identification purposes
only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological
Survey.
2001
2004
The data set is intended to represent conditions for the early
2000's.
No updates are planned unless
errors or updates in the data occur.
-128.002463
-65.258046
51.691388
22.838701
None
inlandWaters
Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System
GIRAS
Anderson land use/land cover
Land Use Data Analysis
LUDA
LULC
land use
land cover
urbanization
residential land use
urban land use
2000 population
none
Conterminous United States
None.
This data should not be used at scales smaller than 1:250,000.
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/newlu00g.gif
Map of 1970's land use refined with 2000 population data
to indicate new residential development
GIF
Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 1;
ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535
James R. Anderson
Ernest E. Hardy
John T. Roach
Richard E. Witmer
1976
A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data
USGS Professional Paper
964
Washington, DC
U.S. Government Printing Office
http://landcover.usgs.gov/pdf/anderson.pdf
USGS
1986
Land use and land cover data digital data from
1:250,000- and 1:100,000-scale maps, Data user guide 4
First printing 1986, Second printing 1990
Reston, VA
USGS
http://www.vterrain.org/Culture/LULC/Data_Users_Guide_4.html
Kerie J. Hitt
1994
Refining 1970's land-use data with 1990 population data to
indicate new residential development
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report
94-4250
Reston, Virginia
U.S. Geological Survey
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/wri94-4250/
Curtis Price
Naomi Nakagaki
Kerie Hitt
Rick Clawges
2003
Mining GIRAS: Improving on a national treasure of land use data
Proceedings of the ESRI International User Conference
2003
Redlands, CA
ESRI
http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc03/p0904.pdf
R.J. Gilliom
W.M. Alley
M.E. Gurtz
1995
Design of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program--Occurrence
and distribution of water-quality conditions
USGS Circular
1112
Reston, VA
USGS
http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1112
The data set was spot checked with the 100-m source grid of
enhanced LULC and a similar derivative product consisting of a
100-m grid of LULC updated with 1990 population.
Some logical assumptions are that areas that were "new
residential" urban land in 1990 would not revert to another land
use in 2000 and that "new residential" areas would expand from
1990 to 2000. However, between 1990 and 2000, some Census block
group boundaries changed, and population density shifted. As a
result, some areas considered to be "new residential" in 1990 no
longer are considered to be "new residential" in 2000. In some
places, areas of "new residential" appear to be shrinking in 2000
because of the different block group boundaries. Population
density in part of the area that used to be considered new
residential is less than the population density threshold value
in 2000. We do not plan to recompute population using another
Census Bureau parameter.
Complete for conterminous United States.
Not checked.
Robin G. Fegeas
Robert W. Claire
Stephen C. Guptill
K. Eric Anderson
Cheryl A. Hallam
1983
Digital cartographic data standards: Land use and land cover
digital data
digital data in GIRAS format
USGS Circular
895-E
Reston, VA
USGS
http://edc.usgs.gov/products/landcover/lulc.html
250000
digital
1970
1985
Ground condition, 1965-1980
LULC
This data set provided land use and land cover
representative of the 1970's-1980's for 1:250,000- or
1:100,000-scale quadrangles, compiled from aerial
photography. The native digital format of the USGS LULC
data is Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis
System (GIRAS). The LULC provided the original base of
nationally consistent land use that was enhanced by users
over the years and then finally was refined with more
recent ancillary data on 2000 population to depict urban
areas more representative of the 2000's.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
1994
Land use and land cover data digital data from
1:250,000- and 1:100,000-Scale maps, digital quadrangles
converted to ArcInfo format
digital data in ArcInfo Export format
Washington, DC
USEPA
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/BASINS/metadata/giras.htm
250000
digital
1970
1985
Ground condition, 1965-1980
EPAGIRAS
The Environmental Protection Agency worked with USGS to
convert the original LULC quadrangles from GIRAS format to
ArcInfo Workstation coverages. After correcting minor errors
in the coverages, the USGS NAWQA program used the EPAGIRAS
data set in water-quality assessments during the mid-1990's.
Kerie Hitt
20031124
2000 population density by block group
for the conterminous United States
map
Reston, VA
USGS
http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?uspopd00x10g
100000
digital raster data
2000
As of 2000 Census
USPOPD00X10G
This data set provided a 100-m resolution ArcInfo Workstation
grid (raster data set in which each cell is 100-m x 100-m) of
2000 population density by block group derived from CensusCD
2000 Short Form Blocks prepared by GeoLytics, E. Brunswick, NJ
from the Census Summary File 1 (SF 1) and cartographic
boundary files for Census Block Groups 2000. Grid cell values
represent population density in people per square kilometer
multiplied by 10 so that the data could be stored as integer.
The population data was used to enhance the older,
less-detailed LULC land use data to represent urban areas more
representative of the early 2000's.
During the early 1990's, USGS and the Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) converted USGS LULC maps from GIRAS format to
ArcInfo Workstation coverages. USEPA disseminated the ArcInfo
Workstation coverages of LULC quads as ArcInfo export files
(USEPA, 1994).
During the mid- to late 1990's, the USGS NAWQA program
downloaded coverages of LULC quads from USEPA and corrected
many minor errors in the quads. NAWQA used this corrected set
of quads for water-quality applications during the mid-1990's.
However, many coding and topological errors still remained in
the NAWQA version of the LULC coverages.
During 2002-2003, NAWQA developed an enhanced LULC data set
that was more accurate, topologically clean, and seamless.
(For example, land use attribute errors were fixed and quad
boundaries were matched.) Price and others (2003) describe
the GIS processing steps to create the enhanced LULC data set.
The enhanced version of LULC is the "best available" version
of the historical USGS LULC data set.
2000
The ArcInfo Workstation seamless polygon coverage of enhaned
LULC data was converted to a 30-m resolution ArcInfo
Workstation grid (a raster data set in which each grid cell is
30-m by 30-m).
2003
The 30-m ArcInfo Workstation grid of the enhanced LULC
data set (girasg) was refined using the 100-m resolution ArcInfo
Workstation grid of 2000 Census block group population density
using the methods described in Hitt (1994).
Any area having a 2000 population density of at least 1,000
people per square mile (coded as 3,860 people per square km in
the 100-m population density grid) that was not coded as urban
or water in the LULC input data, was re-coded as "new
residential" land use in the output data set. A numeric land
use code of "10" was assigned to the "new residential" areas.
This was accomplished using the following ArcInfo Workstation
GRID commands:
NEWLU00G = con ( ( girasg ge 11 and girasg le 17 ) or
( girasg ge 51 and girasg le 54 ) or ( girasg eq 0 ), girasg,
con(uspopd00x10g ge 3860,10,girasg) )
The resulting grid has 38 categorical values: 37 corresponding
to the original Anderson level 2 land use land cover
categories plus 1 for the "new residential" category. Because
the quality of the output data is no better than the coarsest
resolution of the input data (100 meters), the resolution of
the output grid was set to 100 meters even though the
resolution of the input LULC data grid was 30 meters. The
ArcGIS software automatically resamples unequal input cell
sizes to the output cell size.
20030128
The grid was converted to a GeoTIFF image for distribution
using the following ArcInfo Workstation command:
gridimage newlu00g newlu00g.clr newlu00g tiff
20050314
Raster
Grid Cell
29150
46240
1
Albers Conical Equal Area
29.5
45.5
-96
23
0.00000
0.00000
coordinate pair
100.0
100.0
Meters
North American Datum of 1983
GRS1980
6378137.000
298.257222
The value of each 100-m by 100-m grid cell is the level 2 land
use and land cover classification code (Anderson and others,
1976) or a new level 2 code "10" (Hitt, 1994).
The new code "10" indicates "new residential development," that
is, areas having 2000 population density of at least 1,000 people per
square mile (386 people per square kilometer) that were not
urban or water in the source LULC data.
The ArcInfo Workstation grid has a .VAT (value attribute table), with
two fields, VALUE and COUNT.
VALUE is the 2-digit LULC code (Anderson level 2) or new code "10."
COUNT is the number of cells (assigned by ArcInfo) in each
LULC class.
The ArcInfo Workstation grid also has a .STA (statistics) file, with
the items MIN, MAX, MEAN, and STDV.
MIN is the minimum value in the grid (10).
MAX is the maximum value in the grid (92).
MEAN is the arithmetic mean of the values in the grid.
(MEAN is meaningless for categorical LULC data.)
STDV is the standard deviation of the values in the grid.
(STDV is meaningless for categorical LULC data.)
In the GeoTIFF image file, each index number corresponds to the
2-digit LULC code (Anderson level 2) or new code "10."
Land use and land cover classification codes and descriptions
are provided in Anderson and others (1976).
(See http://landcover.usgs.gov/pdf/anderson.pdf.)
The Anderson classification system is:
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2
1 Urban or built-up land
11 Residential
12 Commercial and services
13 Industrial
14 Transportation, communication, and utilities
15 Industrial and commercial complexes
16 Mixed urban or built-up land
17 Other urban or built-up land
2 Agricultural land
21 Cropland and pasture
22 Orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries,
and ornamental horticultural areas
23 Confined feeding operations
24 Other agricultural land
3 Rangeland
31 Herbaceous rangeland
32 Shrub and brush rangeland
33 Mixed rangeland
4 Forest land
41 Deciduous forest land
42 Evergreen forest land
43 Mixed forest land
5 Water
51 Streams and canals
52 Lakes
53 Reservoirs
54 Bays and estuaries
6 Wetland
61 Forested wetland
62 Nonforested wetland
7 Barren land
71 Dry salt flats
72 Beaches
73 Sandy areas other than beaches
74 Bare exposed rock
75 Strip mines, quarries, and gravel pits
76 Transitional areas
77 Mixed barren land
8 Tundra
81 Shrub and brush tundra
82 Herbaceous tundra
83 Bare ground tundra
84 Wet tundra
85 Mixed tundra
9 Perennial snow or ice
91 Perennial snowfields
92 Glaciers
U.S. Geological Survey
Ask USGS - Water Webserver Team
mailing address
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
USA
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
http://water.usgs.gov/user_feedback_form.html
Although this data set has been used by the U.S. Geological
Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or
implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy
of the data and related materials. The act of distribution shall
not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed
by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software,
or related materials.
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive
purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the
U.S. Government.
ArcInfo Workstation Grid
100-m x 100-m cell size raster data set
gzip -d; gunzip
57 megabytes
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/newlu00g.tgz
GeoTIFF image
GeoTIFF file and .aux file
gzip -d; gunzip
61 megabytes
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/newlu00g.tar.gz
ascii
Color map file for ArcInfo Workstation Grid
3.3 kilobytes
http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/newlu00g.clr
None. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service.
20050314
U.S. Geological Survey
Ask USGS - Water Webserver Team
mailing address
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
USA
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+newlu00g
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata ("CSDGM version 2")
FGDC-STD-001-1998