Hammond, Edwin 1964 1.0 map Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?na70_landfrm U.S. Geological Survey 1970 Washington, DC U.S. Geological Survey This digital dataset describes classes of land-surface form in the conterminous United States. The source of the data is the map of land-surface form in the 1970 National Atlas of the United States, pages 62-63, which was adapted from Edwin H. Hammond, "Classes of land surface form in the forty-eight states, U.S.A," Annals of the Assoc. of Am. Geographers, v.54, no. 1, 1964, map supp. no. 1, 1:5,000,000. The intended use of this dataset was for the national environmental framework for the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), but NAWQA decided to use another approach (hydrologic landscape regions) instead of this dataset. The printed map classifies land-surface form according to five properties: 1) percentage of area occupied by surfaces of gentle inclination (slope); 2) local relief; 3) percentage of gently inclined surface that lies in the lower half of the local relief (profile type); 4) percentage of area occupied by sand, ice and standing water; and 5) pattern of major crests peaks, and escarpments. The digital version shows only the first three (1-3) of the five properties. The coverage contains one polygon attribute, CLASS (class of land-surface form). The CLASS codes are: Plains: A1 = Flat plains; A2 = Smooth plains; B1 = Irregular plains, slight relief; B2 = Irregular plains. Tablelands: B3c,d = Tablelands, moderate relief; B4c,d = Tablelands, considerable relief; B5c,d = Tablelands, high relief; B6c,d = Tablelands, very high relief. Plains with hills or mountains: A,B3a,b = Plains with hills; B4a,b = Plains with high hills; B5a,b = Plains with low mountains; B6a,b = Plains with high mountains. Open hills and mountains: C2 = Open low hills; C3 = Open hills; C4 = Open high hills; C5 = Open low mountains; C6 = Open high mountains. Hills and mountains: D3 = Hills; D4 = High hills; D5 = Low mountains; D6 = High mountains. The scheme of classification is: SLOPE (Capital letter): A = More than 80% of area gently sloping; B = 50-80% of area gently sloping; C = 20-50% of area gently sloping; D = Less than 20% of area gently sloping. LOCAL RELIEF (Numeral): 1 = 0-100 feet; 2 = 100-300 feet; 3 = 300-500 feet; 4 = 500-1000 feet; 5 = 1000-3000 feet; 6 = Over 3000 feet. PROFILE TYPE (lower case letter): a = More than 75% of gentle slope is in lowland; b = 50-75% of gentle slope is in lowland; c = 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland; d = More than 75% of gentle slope is on upland. 1964 Although the source data was compiled in the 1960s, the information still might have broad applications at a coarse level of detail as well as historical value. Complete None planned. -127.889969 -65.349827 51.606088 22.863141 None land-surface form landform relief slope surface form inlandWaters None Conterminous 48 United States None The scale of the data (1:7,500,000) limits its use to broad overviews of land-surface form. The National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey funded the scanning of the original map. Steve Kambly of the USGS Mapping Applications Center scanned the mylar overlays and provided NAWQA with raster and vector files. Jim Whitmer arranged for the film positive composites of the linework. Kerie Hitt, NAWQA, cleaned up the preliminary scanned coverage and prepared the final coverage and metadata. Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0535. No tests were performed, except a visual check to see how well the coverage lines corresponded to those on the paper map. This dataset includes three (slope, local relief, and profile type) of the five properties of land-surface form delineated on the original map by Hammond. The dataset does not include the property describing the percentage of area occupied by sand and standing water or the property describing the pattern of major crests, peaks or cones, and escarpments and valley sides. The dataset does not include the water bodies depicted in the original map either. U.S. Geological Survey 1998 Map Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey http://www-atlas.usgs.gov/atlasftp.html National Atlas of the United States 1998 Map http://nationalatlas.gov 2000000 Online 1970 1995 1998 countyp020 US and coastline boundaries Obtain photo composite of linework to be scanned. The original source material was a mylar separate of landform boundaries and latitude/longitude tics provided by James Whitmer of the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia. The contact lines for the landform boundaries were discontinous where they intersect with water bodies. We elected not to scan the water bodies separate for the map, because the resulting boundaries would not match water bodies in any standard digital series. 199901 Scan the linework. Steve Kambly, Mapping Applications Center, scanned the mylar separate and created a raster file (.tiff) and vector file (ARC INFO export format), as follows: 1) Scan mylar source on Ektron Drum Scanner at 1000 dpi. 2) Review scan to make sure line quality will allow for vectorization. 3) Send scan file to an Intergraph edit station where it is loaded into MicroStation, which is a graphics editing software package. 4) Vectorize raster file using IVEC software that runs within MicroStation. 5) Export resulting design file as a DXF file. 6) Read DXF file into ARC/INFO using DXFARC command. 7) Provide ARC export file to Kerie Hitt, who did the rest of the processing. 199902 Import the coverage provided above and call it US1. 199902 Register the coverage. 1) Make a point coverage out of the nodes in US1. NODEPOINT US1 US1_NODES 2) From the points, select some known locations (lat/long tics on the printed map) to be converted to tics. Write the XY digitizer coordinates for each tic point to a file called temptics. 3) Generate a blank coverage containing the tics. GENERATE BLNKTIC INPUT temptics TICS 4) Delete the existing tics in the coverage US1 and replace them with the tics in the BLNKTIC coverage. Save as coverage US2 with 22 tics. 5) Prepare a list of GEOGRAPHIC coordinates to match the tics in US2, then project the list to ALBERS. 6) Generate a blank coverage called USREAL using the ALBERS tics. GENERATE USREAL INPUT albtics TICS 7) Transform the coverage with the linework to the desired Albers coordinate system. TRANSFORM US2 USREAL Transforming coordinates for coverage us2 Scale (X,Y) = (190453.444,190568.258) Skew (degrees) = (0.005) Rotation (degrees) = (0.391) Translation = (-2606980.567,3470507.000) RMS Error (input,output) = (0.003,534.918) Affine X = Ax + By + C Y = Dx + Ey + F A = 190449.017 B = -1283.873 C = -2606980.567 D = 1298.531 E = 190563.934 F = 3470507.000 tic id input x input y output x output y x error y error ------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- 21 11.428 -17.102 -408619.906 226711.031 9.180 -351.139 22 14.109 -17.163 102183.258 218647.844 -141.100 -412.013 20 22.122 -16.498 1627249.125 355418.531 64.736 -109.055 19 24.756 -15.998 2128466.500 454241.531 -75.154 -324.650 18 21.655 -13.638 1534880.125 898857.188 -139.614 820.755 17 1.592 -12.660 -2288722.250 1059890.000 1190.089 183.051 16 23.519 -10.310 1885472.750 1535925.000 -46.080 369.930 15 25.825 -9.745 2324251.250 1646694.250 -336.056 206.831 14 25.051 -6.911 2172901.250 2186024.250 -165.970 62.374 13 0.954 -6.366 -2416210.500 2258464.500 -965.320 93.716 12 1.856 -3.572 -2248342.250 2791386.750 -597.343 740.542 10 12.139 -2.533 -291657.969 3003883.250 -114.774 -311.175 11 14.055 -2.576 72934.680 2998128.000 153.255 -300.952 09 15.969 -2.518 437325.469 3011554.250 111.649 -113.546 08 10.231 -2.389 -655443.438 3028804.000 -24.091 -288.297 07 17.876 -2.358 800505.938 3044125.000 -49.773 263.472 06 8.332 -2.145 -1017414.938 3072821.500 9.443 -254.773 05 19.775 -2.101 1161471.000 3095750.000 336.685 98.474 01 4.584 -1.358 -1731916.875 3217606.250 -206.707 68.036 03 6.452 -1.801 -1376570.750 3135813.750 603.585 -172.910 02 21.656 -1.745 1519221.625 3166286.250 383.360 -268.672 199902 Clean up linework. 1) Delete the lat/long lines, legend boxes, and so forth. 2) Close the gaps between the landform boundaries occupied by water bodies on the source map by extending the landform boundaries across the gaps. 3) Produce check plot of linework and verify the lines against the original mylar. 199902 Add shoreline. The shoreline and U.S. boundary were extracted from the 1:2,000,000-scale county coverage published in the National Atlas of the United States and were combined with the landforms boundaries. After the two sets of linework were combined, the dangling arcs were removed. 199902 Create polygons and add labels. 199902 Assign attributes to the polygons. Each polygon was assigned one of the landforms classification codes for slope, local relief, and profile type using the printed map as a reference. 199902 Reproject to NAD83. 200703 Vector Complete chain 3508 Label point 1843 GT-polygon composed of chains 1843 Point 25 Label point 362 Albers Conical Equal Area 29.500000 45.500000 -96.000000 23.000000 0.000000 0.000000 coordinate pair 0.002334 0.002334 meters North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137.000000 298.257222 There is a polygon attribute table associated with this dataset. CLASS is the code for land surface form. Each code consists of 3 characters, such as "B2b." The capital letter designates the SLOPE, the number indicates the LOCAL RELIEF, and the lower case letter shows the PROFILE TYPE: SLOPE: A = More than 80% of area gently sloping B = 50-80% of area gently sloping C = 20-50% of area gently sloping D = Less than 20% of area gently sloping LOCAL RELIEF: 1 = 0-100 feet 2 = 100-300 feet 3 = 300-500 feet 4 = 500-1000 feet 5 = 1000-3000 feet 6 = Over 3000 feet PROFILE TYPE: a = More than 75% of gentle slope is in lowland b = 50-75% of gentle slope is in lowland c = 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland d = More than 75% of gentle slope is on upland The class codes and descriptions are listed under Supplemental Information. SYMBOL is a working variable set for plotting certain color symbols. Plate 62-63 of the 1970 National Atlas. U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing

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Reston VA 20192 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://water.usgs.gov/user_feedback_form.html Although this dataset has been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data and related materials. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. ArcInfo Workstation Coverage gzip -d; gunzip 1600000 bytes http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/na70_landfrm.tgz ArcInfo Shapefile gzip -d; gunzip 1900000 bytes http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/na70_landfrm.tar.gz None. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service. 200703 U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing

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Reston VA 20192 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+na70_landfrm FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998