Daniel T. Snyder 2012 vector digital data Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?KBRA_OPWP_SubBasin_Analysis_v3 VERSION 5/15/2012 HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION PRODUCTS FOR THE OFF-PROJECT WATER PROGRAM OF THE KLAMATH BASIN RESTORATION AGREEMENT By Daniel T. Snyder, John C. Risley, and Jonathan V. Haynes VIEWING METADATA The metadata prepared for the datasets uses the FGDC XML format. Suggestions for viewing metadata in FGDC XML format using ArcCatalog: For ArcGIS 10: 1. Navigate to the XML file in the catalog tree 2. Click on the “Description” tab 3. Scroll to the bottom and click “FGDC Metadata”. If this option is not present, change the metadata style (in Customize - ArcCatalog Options – Metadata) to “FGDC CSDGM Metadata”. For ArcGIS 9 1. Navigate to the XML file in the catalog tree 2. Click on the “Metadata” tab 3. Click “FGDC Metadata”. If this option is not present, change the metadata style (in Customize - ArcCatalog Options – Metadata) to “FGDC CSDGM Metadata”. It is also possible to view FGDC XML metadata using a web browser. Navigate to http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/validation/. After validation, the metadata may be viewed in a variety of formats. The “Questions and Answers” Output uses a “Plain Language” format that may be helpful to those unfamiliar with metadata. Alternatively, FGDC XML metadata may also be viewed using a web browser if the stylesheet “fgdc_classic.xsl” is present in the same directory as the XML file. The stylesheet is available from http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/fgdc_classic.xsl. To download the file from the web browser use the File command and “Save As” with the filename “fgdc_classic.xsl” and place the file in the directory with the XML file. SUMMARY The Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) was developed by a diverse group of stakeholders, Federal and State resource management agencies, Tribal representatives, and interest groups to provide a comprehensive solution to ecological and water-supply issues in the Klamath River Basin. The Off-Project Water Program (OPWP), one component of the KBRA, has as one of its purposes to permanently provide an additional 30,000 acre-ft of water per year on an average annual basis to Upper Klamath Lake through “voluntary retirement of water rights or water uses or other means as agreed to by the Klamath Tribes, to improve fisheries habitat and also provide for stability of irrigation water deliveries” (Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010, p. 105–111). The geographic area where the water rights could be retired encompasses approximately 1,900 square mi. The OPWP area is defined as including the Sprague River drainage, the Sycan River drainage below Sycan Marsh, the Wood River drainage, and the Williamson River drainage from the abandoned town site of Kirk downstream to the confluence with the Sprague River. Extensive, broad, flat, poorly drained uplands, valleys, and wetlands characterize much of the study area. Irrigation is almost entirely used for pasture. To assist parties in the OPWP involved with decision making and implementation, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Klamath Tribes, created five hydrological information products. These products include GIS digital maps and datasets containing spatial information on evapotranspiration, subirrigation indicators, water rights, subbasin streamflow statistics, and return flow indicators. The evapotranspiration (ET) datasets were created under contract for this study by Evapotranspiration, Plus, LLC, of Twin Falls, Idaho. A high-resolution remote sensing technique known as Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and Internalized Calibration (METRIC) was used to create estimates of the spatial distribution of ET. The METRIC technique uses thermal infrared Landsat imagery to quantify actual evapotranspiration at a 30-m resolution that can be related to individual irrigated fields. Because evaporation uses heat energy, ground surfaces with large ET rates are left cooler as a result of ET than ground surfaces that have less ET. As a consequence, irrigated fields show up in the Landsat images as cooler than nonirrigated fields. Products produced from this study include total seasonal and total monthly (April–October) actual evapotranspiration maps for 2004 (a dry year) and 2006 (a wet year). Maps showing indicators of natural subirrigation were also provided from this study. “Subirrigation” as used here is the evapotranspiration of shallow groundwater by plants with roots that penetrate to or near the water table. Subirrigation often occurs at locations with shallow water tables that are at or above the plant rooting depth. Natural consumptive use by plants diminishes the benefit of retiring water rights in subirrigated areas. Some agricultural production may be possible, however, on subirrigated lands for which water rights are retired. Because of the difficulty in precisely mapping and quantifying subirrigation, this study presents several sources of spatially mapped data that can be used as indicators of higher subirrigation probability. These include the floodplain boundaries defined by stream geomorphology, water table depth defined in Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil surveys, and soil rooting depth defined in NRCS soil surveys. The two water-rights mapping products created in the study were “points of diversion” (POD) and “place of use” (POU) for surface-water irrigation rights. To create these maps, all surface-water rights data, decrees, certificates, permits, and unadjudicated claims within the entire 1,900 square mi study area were aggregated into a common GIS geodatabase. Surface-water irrigation rights within a 5-mi buffer of the study area were then selected and identified. The POU area was then totaled by water right for primary and supplemental water rights. The maximum annual volume (acre-ft) allowed under each water right was also calculated using the POU area and duty (annual irrigation application in ft). In cases where a water right has more than one designated POD, the total volume for the water right was equally distributed to each POD listed for the water right. Because of this, mapped distribution of diversion rates for some rights may differ from actual practice. Water-right information in the map products was from digital data sets obtained from the Oregon Water Resources Department and was, at the time acquired, the best available compilation of water-right information available. Because the completeness and accuracy of the water right data could not be verified, users are encouraged to check directly with the Oregon Water Resources Department where specific information on individual rights or locations is critical. A dataset containing streamflow statistics for 72 subbasins in the study area was created for the study area. The statistics include annual flow durations (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, and 95th percent exceedances) and 7-day, 10-year (7Q10) and 7-day, 2-year (7Q2) low flows, and were computed using regional regression equations based on measured streamflow records in the region. Daily streamflow records used were adjusted as needed for crop consumptive use; therefore the statistics represent streamflow under more natural conditions as though irrigation diversions did not exist. Statistics are provided for flow rates resulting from streamflow originating from within the entire drainage area above the subbasin pour point (referring to the outlet of the contributing drainage basin). The statistics were computed for the purpose of providing decision makers with an estimate of streamflow that would be expected after water conservation techniques have been implemented or a water right has been retired. A final product from the study is a series of datasets of indicators of the potential for subsurface return flow of irrigation water from agricultural areas to nearby streams. The datasets contain information on factors such as proximity to surface-water features, geomorphic floodplain characteristics, and depth to water. INTRODUCTION Program Background The Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) was developed by a diverse group of stakeholders, Federal and State resource management agencies, Tribal representatives, and interest groups to provide a comprehensive solution to ecological and water-supply issues in the basin. The KBRA covers the entire Klamath Basin, from headwater areas in southern Oregon and northern California to the Pacific Ocean, and addresses a wide range of issues that include hydropower, fisheries, and water resources. The Water Resources Program (Part IV of the KBRA) includes a section (16) known as the Off-Project Water Program (OPWP) (Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010, p. 105). Program Goals The main goals of the OPWP include development of an Off-Project Water Settlement to resolve upper basin water issues, improve fish habitat, and provide for stability in irrigation deliveries (Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010, p. 105). One of the approaches to achieving these objectives is a water-use retirement program. The water-use retirement program is an effort to permanently provide an additional 30,000 acre-ft of water per year on an average annual basis to Upper Klamath Lake through “voluntary retirement of water rights or water uses, or other means as agreed to by the Klamath Tribes, to improve fisheries habitat and also provide for stability of irrigation water deliveries” (Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010, p. 105–111). The KBRA sets a 24-month window after the “effective date” for development of a proposal for the Off-Project Water Settlement. There is interest on the part of the Klamath Watershed Partnership (and others) in having a decision-making process in place before this time line. To assist parties in the OPWP involved with decision making and implementation, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Klamath Tribes, proposed a two-phase approach. The first phase, which is described in this report, includes compilation and evaluation of relevant existing work and data in the upper basin, and synthesizing that information into a set of five hydrological information products. These products include GIS digital maps and datasets containing spatial information on evapotranspiration, subirrigation indicators, water rights, subbasin streamflow statistics, and return flow indicators. Should efforts continue, a second phase could be developed to implement a monitoring program to evaluate the level of success of the first phase and to address additional information needs. Understanding the response of streams and groundwater to various land-use changes in particular areas is important to maximizing the benefits to streams and to Upper Klamath Lake while minimizing the impacts to the agricultural community. The hydrology of the region is such that the response to changes in land use (such as reduction of irrigation or changes in land management) will vary from place to place. Because of this, the benefit to the stream from a particular change in land or water use may be greater in one area than another. Description of the project area The OPWP area is defined in the KBRA as including the Sprague River drainage, the Sycan River drainage below Sycan Marsh, the Wood River drainage, and the Williamson River drainage from Kirk downstream to the confluence with the Sprague River, encompassing a total area of approximately 1,900 mi2. Individually, the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood Rivers provide about 33, 18, and 16 percent, respectively, of the total inflow to Upper Klamath Lake and together account for two-thirds of the total inflow (Hubbard, 1970; Kann and Walker, 1999, table 3). Extensive broad, flat, poorly drained uplands, valleys, and wetlands characterize much of the study area. Elevations in the study area range from about 4,100 ft at Upper Klamath Lake to greater than 9,000 ft in the Cascade Range. In general, land use in the Williamson, Sprague, and Wood River Basins varies with elevation. At the lowest elevations, adjacent to the major rivers, agricultural lands (primarily irrigated pasture) predominate. Rangelands are mainly on the tablelands, benches, and terraces, and forest is predominant on the slopes of buttes and mountains. Livestock grazing can occur on irrigated pastureland, rangeland, and forestland throughout the study area. Average annual precipitation in the area ranges from as low as about 15 in. near Upper Klamath Lake to about 65 in. at Crater Lake with most precipitation occurring largely as snow in the fall and winter. Previous Studies and Water Conservation Programs Recent studies in the Upper Klamath, Wood River and Sprague River Basins provided a foundation for many of the analyses made for this current study. A study of the regional groundwater hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin is presented in Gannett and others (2007) and includes discussions of the hydrogeologic units, hydrologic budget, and configuration of the groundwater flow system. Though the scale of this study is less useful for site-specific analysis, it provides a framework for analysis of the hydrology of the OPWP area. Carpenter and others (2009) provided a comprehensive analysis of hydrologic and water-quality conditions during restoration of the Wood River wetland for the period 2003–05. In their study they developed a water budget for the wetland in addition to analyzing the mechanics of groundwater and soil moisture storage. Risley and others (2008) developed streamflow regression models used in this study to estimate a suite of streamflow statistics in study area subbasins. Natural Resources Conservation Service (2009) presented findings from the Sprague River Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). Their report documented the effects of water conservation practices on private irrigated lowlands and uplands using field monitoring and hydrologic computer model simulations. Watershed Sciences LCC (2000) conducted a Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) survey flown in August 1999 for parts of the Upper Klamath River Basin that collected both thermal infrared and color videography to map stream temperatures which can be used to identify point locations where return flows enter streams. Purpose of this Report This report summarizes and provides details on information products created by the USGS Oregon Water Science Center for the OPWP and its implementation. These products include a set of digital maps in GIS (ArcMap) format that can be used together as overlays to help evaluate the relative benefits of reducing or curtailing water use in various areas. The maps are not intended to drive the decision making process, but to inform it. It is envisioned that there will be many additional considerations affecting decisions. The digital maps created for this study, and described below in more detail, are (1) evapotranspiration, (2) subirrigation indicators, (3) water rights, (4) subbasin streamflow statistics, and (5) irrigation return flow indicators. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MAPPING Development Maps quantifying evapotranspiration (ET) over the entire landscape included in the OPWP were produced under contract for this study by Evapotranspiration, Plus, LLC, of Twin Falls, Idaho. The maps were created using a high-resolution remote sensing technique first developed by the University of Idaho (Allen and others, 2007a; Allen and others, 2007b). The technique known as Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution and Internalized Calibration (METRIC) uses Landsat imagery to estimate monthly actual evapotranspiration at 30-m resolution that can be related to individual irrigated fields. For the KBRA OPWP study, METRIC was applied to 2 separate years of growing season data for which suitable Landsat imagery was available, representing wet (2006) and dry (2004) years. By using these 2 years it was possible to develop a range of likely actual ET over varied climate conditions. A small number of irrigated areas in the extreme eastern part of the Sprague River Basin were not covered by the selected Landsat images used in the METRIC analysis. For these areas ET was estimated using more traditional approaches that employed standard ET models and crop coefficients combined with knowledge of crop and vegetation types. The METRIC procedure uses thermal infrared images from Landsat satellites to quantify ET. Because evaporation uses heat energy, ground surfaces with large ET rates are left cooler than ground surfaces that have less ET. As a consequence, irrigated fields appear on the images as being cooler than nonirrigated fields. The METRIC model is internally calibrated using ground-based reference ET. Both the rate and spatial distribution of ET can be efficiently and accurately quantified. A major advantage of using METRIC over conventional methods of estimating ET that use crop coefficient curves is that neither the crop development stages nor the specific crop type need to be known. In addition to ET, the fraction of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETrF) is also computed by METRIC. The alfalfa reference evapotranspiration (ETr), computed using local weather station meteorological data, is needed in calibrating METRIC to a specific study area. Previous studies have shown that the error between ET estimated from METRIC and measured from lysimeters daily and monthly for various crops and land uses in other areas has been from 1 to 4 percent (Allen and others, 2007b). For the current study the accuracy of the METRIC ET values for irrigated areas was estimated as 10 percent for seasonal total ET values and 20 percent for monthly ET values (R.G. Allen, Evapotranspiration, Plus, LLC, Twin Falls, Idaho, written commun., 2011). The accuracy of the METRIC ET values for nonirrigated areas was estimated as 20 percent for seasonal total ET values and 40 percent for monthly ET values (R.G. Allen, Evapotranspiration, Plus, LLC, Twin Falls, Idaho, written commun., 2011). It is important to note that when making comparison between individual areas of actual evapotranspiration the relative difference between the areas likely has a much better accuracy than the accuracy of the absolute values of actual evapotranspiration for the individual areas. Products produced from this study include total seasonal and total monthly (April–October) actual evapotranspiration maps, in millimeters, for 2004 (dry year) and 2006 (wet year) and Landsat image maps for April through November 2004 and April through November 2006. Full details regarding Landsat image processing, METRIC calibration, and map production for this study are provided in a separate report written by the contractor and included in the GIS metadata (Evapotranspiration, Plus, 2011a; Evapotranspiration, Plus, 2011b). SUBIRRIGATION INDICATORS Definition “Subirrigation” as used here is the evapotranspiration of shallow groundwater by plants with roots that penetrate to or near the water table. Subirrigation often occurs in locations where the water table is at or above the plant rooting depth. It can occur where the water table is naturally high or where it is artificially elevated from irrigation. Certain settings, such as lowland areas along present flood plains, are more likely to naturally subirrigate than areas more distant or elevated above surface-water features. This study deals primarily with natural subirrigation occurrence. Because of the difficulty in defining the exact occurrence of subirrigation, this study presents several sources of spatially mapped data that can be used as indicators of higher subirrigation probability. These include (1) the floodplain boundaries and features defined by stream geomorphology, (2) the water table depth defined in NRCS soil surveys and by topographic analysis, and (3) the rooting depth defined in NRCS soil surveys. The indicators may be used separately or together, such as depth to water and plant rooting depth, to determine the overall likelihood that subirrigation may take place. Map Descriptions Floodplain Boundaries and Features Floodplains boundaries and features were delineated in a study of Sprague River Basin geomorphology conducted by the USGS and the University of Oregon (J.E. O’Connor, USGS Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, Oregon, written commun., 2011). In the study, channel and floodplain processes were evaluated for 81 mi of the Sprague River, including the lower 12 mi of the South Fork Sprague River, the lower 10 mi of the North Fork Sprague River, and the lower 39 mi of the Sycan River. In addition to floodplain boundaries, other GIS layers created for the USGS Sprague River Basin geomorphology study are channel centerlines, fluvial bars, vegetation, water features, and built features such as irrigation canals, levees and dikes, and roads that were created from aerial photographs dating from 1940 through 2005, 7.5-minute USGS topographic maps, digital orthophoto quadrangles, and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) images (Watershed Sciences, LCC, 2000). Additional details on the USGS Sprague River Basin geomorphology study that developed the floodplain boundary GIS layer can be found at http://or.water.usgs.gov/proj/Sprague/. The geomorphic unit categories for the areas in and adjacent to floodplains from the Sprague River Oregon Geomorphology dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 2011) were assigned qualitative values for subirrigation potential (J.E. O’Connor, USGS Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, Oregon, written commun., 2011). Determination of low, medium, or high subirrigation potential was made on the basis of the characteristics of areas from existing datasets and field observations of soils, vegetation, topography, and hydrology. However, some areas, including wetlands, springs, and ponds, were not mapped with the geomorphic floodplain and are not represented. Soil Rooting Depth The soil rooting depth map is based on data from the USDA NRCS Klamath County soil survey (Cahoon, 1985, p. 13–96) and supplemented by the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database (Soil Survey Staff, 2010). The area of the soil survey excludes most public lands, such as National Forest or National Park areas or small private inholdings with these areas. Values of rooting depths are typically presented as either a range between 10 and 60 in. or as being greater than 60 in. For the purposes of this study minimum, mean, and maximum rooting depths were calculated using the minimum and maximum rooting depth values. For calculation purposes rooting depths greater than 60 in. are reported as equal to 60 in. Areas where the rooting depth is greater than the depth to water might support subirrigation. Depth to Water The depth-to-water map is based on data for the seasonal high water-table depth presented in table 18 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service soil survey for southern Klamath County, Oregon (Cahoon, 1985, p. 258–263) and supplemented by the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database (Soil Survey Staff, 2010). As noted above, the area of the soil survey excludes most public lands. Values of seasonal high water-table depth in table 18 or the SSURGO dataset are typically presented as a range between minimum and maximum values. For the purposes of this study, a mean water table depth was calculated using the minimum and maximum depth to water values. Maps of areas where the depth to water is less than the plant rooting depth provide insight into the likelihood that subirrigation may take place. WATER-RIGHTS MAPPING Description of Mapping Water-right information in the map products was from digital data sets obtained on July 18, 2011, from the Oregon Water Resources Department (OWRD) and was, at the time acquired, the best available compilation of water-right information available. Because the completeness and accuracy of the water right data could not be verified, users are encouraged to check directly with the OWRD for situations where specific information on individual rights or locations is critical. The two water rights maps produced for the study were a POD map that shows locations of diversion from streams, and a POU map that shows irrigated areas. Only surface-water rights are included on the maps; groundwater rights are not included. In compiling the surface-water rights data, all decrees, certificates, permits, and unadjudicated claims within the study area were aggregated. The objective was to assemble all known water rights and claims into a common GIS geodatabase consisting of one POU polygon feature class and one relating POD point feature class. For both maps related POUs and PODs share the same “snp_id” value. All other fields whenever possible were carried through the process to preserve as many original POU and POD attributes as possible. Note that POU polygons may overlap adjacent POU polygons and care is advised to ensure the correct polygon(s) are selected or used in analyses, such as summation of attributes, to meet the intended purposes of the user. All Oregon surface water rights including degrees, certificates, and permits were downloaded from the OWRD GIS water right website: http://gis.wrd.state.or.us/data/wr_state.zip. Surface-water irrigation water rights for the study area and within a 5 mi buffer of the study area were then selected. The POU area was totaled by water right for primary and supplemental water rights. The maximum annual volume (acre-ft) allowed under each water right was calculated using the POU area and duty (annual irrigation application in ft). In situations where no duty was specified, the maximum annual volume allowed under each water right was estimated assuming a duty of 3 ft per year (82 percent of surface-water irrigation POD’s within the study area had a duty of 3 ft per year). Often a water right has more than one designated POD. In these cases the volumes were equally distributed to each POD within the particular water right. The POUs and PODs of Klamath Basin unadjudicated claims were provided in a GIS geodatabase (D. Mortenson, OWRD, Salem, Oregon, written commun., 2011). To supplement the geodatabase, data (such as priority dates, id numbers, and volumes) for many, though not all, of the claims were downloaded from OWRD’s Water Rights Information System (WRIS): http://www.wrd.state.or.us/OWRD/WR/wris.shtml. Although, the POD’s for the claims in the OWRD provided geodatabase did not include a use field, it was assumed that all POD’s for each surface-water irrigation claim were used for surface-water irrigation. In cases where claims included multiple PODs, volumes were equally distributed. The maximum annual volume allowed under each claim was either provided or estimated. For approximately 25 percent of the claims, the maximum annual volume for surface-water irrigation was provided by WRIS in acre-ft. For the remaining 75-percent of the claims, volumes were estimated using the POU area and assuming a duty of 3 ft per year (no claims had assigned duties). Additionally, an annual volume by claim from the adjudication process for the 1864 Walton claims was provided to the study (D. Watson, Ranch and Range Consulting, Klamath Falls, Oregon, written commun., 2011). Each of these volumes was a result of proposed order, stipulated agreement, or uncontested agreement and was current as of May 23, 2011. Limitations of Water-Rights Data The information reflected in this dataset is derived by interpretations of paper records by the OWRD. Please refer to the actual water rights records for the details on any water right. Care was taken by OWRD in the creation of the data but it is provided "as is". The USGS and the OWRD cannot accept any responsibility for errors, omission, or accuracy of the information. There are no warranties, expressed or implied, including the warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, accompanying this information (http://www.wrd.state.or.us/OWRD/WR/wris.shtml accessed November 25, 2011). The data whose source is OWRD Unadjudicated Claims geodatabase are based on claims as originally filed by claimants in the Klamath Basin Adjudication. OWRD provides no warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy of the information presented within these data, and is not intended to express a position on the nature or validity of any claim. Any information contained herein does not reflect any recommendation or final determination by the Oregon Department of Water Resources of the relative water rights in the Klamath Basin. Note that the OWRD datasets may not reflect actual water use or recent changes in land or water use as can sometimes be observed by comparison with the Landsat images or evapotranspiration mapping. A partial list of the reasons for this include: (1) the underlying OWRD data set needing updating, (2) water-right holders not submitting a change of use or transfer of existing water rights, (3) water-rights data may not reflect land–use changes subsequent to the initiation of the water-right, (4) water not being diverted to POUs based on Claims that have not yet been approved, (5) POU in the source OWRD database not reflecting recent findings of the adjudication of water rights in the Upper Klamath basin, (6) claimed POUs that OWRD has denied, (7) possible abandoned water rights, (8) claim/water right overlaps, (9) water rights not being utilized during a particular year, or (10) areas irrigated with groundwater or both surface water and groundwater. In the area of the Wood River Valley there are a number of missing water-rights POU polygons due to instream leases on irrigation water rights. In the past, OWRD has removed irrigation water rights with instream leases from the publicly available GIS water-rights geodatabase. The current practice, however, is to provide information regarding these leased water rights to the public. This practice was in place on July 18, 2011 when the GIS water-rights geodatabase was acquired from OWRD. However, most leased water rights were not included in the July 18, 2011 data acquisition and subsequently are not included in this report. OWRD has indicated that the omission of these water rights was unintentional that they are working to correct the dataset though the updated information was not available at the time this report was prepared. SUBBASIN STREAMFLOW STATISTICS Importance and Relevance Streamflow statistics were computed for 72 subbasins in the program and adjacent areas and include annual flow durations (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, and 95th percent exceedances) and 7-day, 10-year (7Q10) and 7-day, 2-year (7Q2) low flows. Computed using regional regression equations based on historic unregulated streamflow data, the statistics represent estimated natural flow conditions in the subbasins as though irrigation diversions did not exist. The statistics were computed for the purpose of providing decision makers with an estimate of streamflow that would be expected after water conservation techniques have been implemented or a water use has been retired. Data Sources The streamflow statistics were computed using regional regression equations presented in Risley and others (2008). Although that report contains regression equations applicable for all of Oregon, equations used for this study were created from the Region 8 subset of 25 streamflow gaging stations located in south-central part of the State. For the regression equations, computed statistics based on the daily mean streamflow records at the gaging stations were used as the dependent variables. Basin characteristics (such as drainage area and mean annual precipitation) of the drainage areas upstream of the gaging stations were the independent variables in the equations. The equations relating dependent and independent variables were computed using time periods that when the streamflow data were reasonably unregulated. For some of the streamflow records estimated irrigation water use was added to the record so that the record would reflect more natural conditions. Details on the procedure used to adjust the records for irrigation water use are provided in Risley and others (2008). A total of 13 equations were used to compute each of 7 annual statistics: 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, and 95th percent exceedances; and 7-day, 10-year [7Q10] and 7-day, 2-year [7Q2] low flows. Basin characteristics used to create the equations were computed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and various data layers. Sources for all of the data layers are documented in Risley and others (2008). Methods For this study, the Off-Project Water Program area and adjacent areas were divided into 72 subbasins. Preliminary subbasins were delineated on the basis of the locations of the pour points (referring to the outlet of the contributing drainage basin) for Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) Level 6 (12-digit) classification of drainage basins from the 1:24,000 Watershed Boundary Dataset from the USDA Geospatial Data Gateway (http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/ accessed August 20, 2010). However, locations of the pour points for some subbasins were manually delineated on the basis of their proximity to streamflow gages or other criteria thought to be useful for the study. Final delineation of the subbasins was accomplished for each of the 72 pour points using StreamStats for Oregon (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/oregon.html), a Web-based GIS tool developed by the USGS (Ries and others, 2008). Streamstats also calculates the basin characteristics required to estimate the streamflow statistics using the Region 8 regression equations from Risley and others (2008, table 5). Note that very few gaging stations with sufficient record were available in Region 8 for use in the regression analyses by Risley and others (2008) for estimating streamflow statistics. As a result, for some of the 72 subbasins the basin characteristics used in the regression equations had values of some explanatory variables outside of the range of values used in the development of the regression equations by Risley and others (2008). Typically if one or more of the explanatory variables in a multiple regression are outside the range of the dataset used to develop the regression equations, increased prediction error can be expected. Additionally, streams with substantial groundwater inflows or streams heavily influenced by wetland areas, such as occurs in some parts of the study area, may not be well represented in the analysis. These factors may contribute to increased uncertainty in the estimates of the streamflow statistics for the 72 subbasins presented in this study. IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW INDICATORS Description Irrigation return flow is defined herein as unconsumed irrigation water that returns to streams through subsurface flow. Often irrigation return flow recharges the groundwater system, follows shallow flow paths, and discharges to an adjacent downgradient stream. However, depending on location and the groundwater hydrology, the irrigation return flow may instead enter and flow through intermediate or even regional groundwater flow paths bypassing adjacent streams and discharging to distant downgradient rivers or regional discharge areas. The travel time of irrigation return flow from infiltration point to discharge point may be on the order of days to months for local groundwater flow systems or from years to decades for intermediate and regional groundwater flow systems. The greater the distance traveled by the irrigation return flow, the more likely the discharge will be distributed more broadly spatially and temporally. Irrigation return flow may result in higher water tables at the place of application or downgradient near discharge areas making it vulnerable to loss by subirrigation, which diminishes the potential return flow. Irrigation return flow is also subject to loss due to groundwater pumping. Determining the potential for, location, and timing of subsurface return flow of irrigation water for an agricultural area is typically best solved using a numerical flow model. The scale of modeling necessary to evaluate the OPWP, however, exceeded the resolution of the present regional flow model being developed by USGS for the Upper Klamath Basin (Gannett and others, 2007). As a consequence, it was not be possible to make the necessary refinements to that model in the time allotted for this study. Instead, a more qualitative approach was employed. Maps were developed using available information to show the relative potential for return flow in the study area. Data used as indicators for return flow potential included depth to water, floodplain boundaries and features defined by stream geomorphology, and distance to surface-water features. Shallow depths to water are often indicative of proximity to a discharge area; infiltration of excess irrigation in these areas may be expected to discharge to adjacent streams and to have short travel times. Geomorphic features of floodplains can be used to identify areas that are in close proximity of streams and that have soils conducive to the rapid infiltration of excess irrigation. The distance to the nearest surface-water feature can be used as a surrogate for travel time between infiltration of excess irrigation and discharge to a surface-water feature. Greater distances may also increase the likelihood that irrigation return flow may enter intermediate or regional groundwater flow systems, bypassing adjacent streams and not contributing to their flow. Large lakes, perennial streams, and streams known to be gaining flow from groundwater indicate interaction with the groundwater flow system as opposed to intermittent streams which may only exist as a result of surface-runoff. Map Descriptions Datasets for depth to water are described in the preceding section on Subirrigation Indicators. Floodplain Boundaries and Features The dataset delineating floodplain boundaries and features for the Sprague River Basin previously described in the section on Subirrigation Indicators can also be used as an indicator of irrigation return flow. The geomorphic unit categories for the areas in and adjacent to floodplains from the Sprague River Oregon Geomorphology dataset (U.S. Geological Survey, 2011) were assigned qualitative values for return flow potential (J.E. O’Connor, USGS Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, Oregon, written commun., 2011). Determination of low, medium, or high return flow potential was made on the basis of the characteristics of areas from existing datasets and field observations of soils, vegetation, topography, and hydrology. As previously noted, some areas, including wetlands, springs, and ponds, were not mapped with the geomorphic floodplain and are not represented in the dataset. Distance to Surface-Water Features In this study, a GIS analysis was performed that computed the distance between the point of interest and the nearest surface-water features. The assumption made is that the greater the distance from the surface-water feature, the lower the likelihood that applied irrigation will appear as return flow at the stream or river in useful spatial and temporal scales. Two analyses were made using different sets of surface-water features. One analysis calculated the distance from each point in the study area to the nearest perennial stream or perennial large lake or pond. The second analysis calculated the distance from each point in the study are to the nearest gaining (receiving groundwater discharge) stream (and downstream reaches) or perennial large lake or pond. Distance to perennial streams and lakes Perennial streams, lakes, and ponds were selected from the National Hydrography Dataset (http://nhd.usgs.gov accessed August 20, 2010). The dataset was further restricted to lakes and ponds greater than 1 km2 in area. The Euclidean distance between each point in the study area and the nearest surface-water feature was then calculated using a GIS. Distance to gaining streams and lakes Gaining stream reaches were identified in the regional study of groundwater hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin by Gannett and others (2007, p. 22–37; figure 7, p. 24; and table 6, p. 72–84). Also included were the stream reaches downstream of the gaining stream segments and large (greater than 1 km2) perennial lakes and ponds from the National Hydrography Dataset. The Euclidean distance between each point in the study area and the nearest of these surface-water features was then calculated using a GIS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank the many people that contributed their time and knowledge to help complete this study. Dorothy Mortenson and Bob Harmon, OWRD, provided water-rights data. Dani Watson, Ranch and Range Consulting, provided updates to some of the water-rights information. Chrysten Lambert and Shannon Peterson, Klamath Basin Rangeland Trust, assisted in defining and identifying instream leases in the Wood River basin. USGS employees whose efforts contributed to the study include: Esther Duggan, Charlie Cannon, Tess Harden, and Tana Haluska for their assistance with processing of the data; Jim O’Connor for his analysis of the geomorphology of the Sprague River basin; and Marshall Gannett for his inspiration and his insights on the hydrology of the Upper Klamath basin. REFERENCES CITED Allen, R.G., Tasumi M., and Trezza, R., 2007a, Satellite-based energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)—Model: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v. 133, no. 4, p. 380–394. Available at: http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/water/papers/remote/ASCE_JIDE_Allen_et_al_METRIC_model_2007_QIR000380.pdf Accessed October 12, 2011. Allen, R.G., M. Tasumi, A.T. Morse, R. Trezza, W. Kramber, I. Lorite and C.W. Robison, 2007b, Satellite-based energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)—Applications: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v. 133, no. 4, p. 395–406, Available at: http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/water/papers/remote/ASCE_JIDE_Allen_et_al_METRIC_application2007_QIR000395.pdf Accessed October 12, 2011. Cahoon, J.S., 1985, Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 269 p., 106 soil map sheets Available at: http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/Manuscripts/OR640/0/or640_text.pdf Accessed October 12, 2011. Carpenter, K.D.; Snyder, D.T.; Duff, J.H.; Triska, F.J.; Lee, K.K.; Avanzino, R.J.; Sobieszczyk, S., 2009, Hydrologic and water–quality conditions during restoration of the Wood River Wetland, Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon, 2003–05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5004, 67 p. Available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5004 Evapotranspiration, Plus, 2011a, Completion report on the production of evapotranspiration maps for year 2004 for the Upper Klamath and Sprague area of Oregon using Landsat Images and the METRIC model: Twin Falls, Idaho, 55 p. Evapotranspiration, Plus, 2011b, Completion report on the production of evapotranspiration maps for year 2006, Landsat path 45 covering the Upper Klamath and Sprague area of Oregon using Landsat Images and the METRIC model: Twin Falls, Idaho, 64 p. Gannett, M.W., Lite, K.E. Jr., La Marche, J.L., Fisher, B.J., and Polette, D.J., 2007, Ground-water hydrology of the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5050, 84 p. . Available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5050/ Hubbard, L.L., 1970, Water budget of Upper Klamath Lake southwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas HA–351, 1 sheet. Available at: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha351 Kann, Jacob, and Walker, W.W., Jr., 1999, Nutrient and hydrologic loading to Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 1991–1998: Ashland, Oregon, Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences LLC, prepared for Klamath Tribes Natural Resources Department and Bureau of Reclamation Cooperative Studies, 39 p. plus appendices. Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010, Klamath basin restoration agreement for the sustainability of public and trust resources and affected communities, February 18, 2010, 371 p. Available at: http://klamathrestoration.gov/sites/klamathrestoration.gov/files/Klamath-Agreements/Klamath-Basin-Restoration-Agreement-2-18-10signed.pdf Accessed October 12, 2011. National Resources Conservation Service, 2009, Sprague River CEAP study report: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon, 100 p. Available at: http://www.fws.gov/filedownloads/ftp_KlamathFallsFWO/CraigTucker/Sprague_CEAP_Report_030909.pdf Accessed October 12, 2011 Ries, K.G., III, Guthrie, J.G., Rea, A.H., Steeves, P.A., and Stewart, D.W., 2008, StreamStats—A water resources web application: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008–3067, 6 p. Available at: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/fs/fs20083067 Risley, J., Stonewall, A., and Haluska, T., 2008, Estimating flow-duration and low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5126, 22 p. Available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5126 Soil Survey Staff, 2010, Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database for Klamath County, Oregon, Survey Area Symbol–OR640, Survey Area Name-Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available at: http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov Accessed October 25, 2010. U.S. Geological Survey, 2011, Sprague River Oregon geomorphology--Metadata: available at http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?sprague_river_oregon_geomorphology Watershed Sciences, LLC, 2000, Remote sensing survey of the Upper Klamath River basin—Thermal infrared and color videography, Final report (Prepared for the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality): Corvallis, Oregon, 387 p. plus 30 p. appendix. Available at: http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/tmdls/docs/klamathbasin/flir/upklamath.pdf Accessed October 12, 2011. Streamflow statistics were computed for the purpose of providing decision makers with an estimate of streamflow that would be expected after water conservation techniques have been implemented or a water use has been retired. 2012 publication date Complete None planned -122.086624 -120.869654 42.852765 42.290108 None Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement streamflow statistics inlandWaters None Williamson River Basin Wood River Basin Upper Klamath Basin Sprague River Basin Oregon None The U.S. Geological Survey should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. U.S. Geological Survey Daniel T. Snyder Hydrologist Unknown

2130 SW 5th Ave

Portland OR 97201-4976 US 503-251-3287 503-251-3470 dtsnyder@usgs.gov Monday - Friday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. PDT (Warning: Although accurate at the time of production, this information may have become obsolete. See the Metadata_Reference_Information section for a current contact.) http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/KBRA_OPWP_SubBasin_Analysis_v3.pdf Illustration of data set Portable Document Format (PDF) None Unclassified None Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcGIS 10.0.2.3200 Most basin characteristics in this feature class were used to develop regression equations by Risley and others (2008). Information on the source and resolution of these characteristics can be found in Table 5 of Risley and others (2008) at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5126/sir20085126_tables.xls Flow statistics were calculated from regression equations that assume natural flow conditions and may not reflect actual flows. Flow statistics were calculated using regression equations for Region 8 of Risley and Others (2008). Risley and Others (2008) report that: Based on equations for Region 8 for annual and monthly flow statistics (a total of 13 values as indicated in table 14 of Risley and others, 2008), the standard errors of estimate of the high flow (5th percentile) and low flow (95th percentile) equations had medians of 82 and 109 percent, respectively. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj) of the 5th and 95th percentile equations had medians of 0.75 and 0.75, respectively. For the low-flow frequency equations the standard errors of prediction of the equations for the 7Q2 and 7Q10 statistics had medians of 116 and 131 percent, respectively. The adjusted coefficients of determination (R2adj) of the 7Q2 and 7Q10 equations had medians of 0.74 and 0.72, respectively. Many of the regression equations for locations in eastern Oregon are hampered by a sparser density of long-term streamflow stations, a high degree of streamflow variability, and a disproportionate amount of water use relative to streamflow. As such, careful consideration should be given to the prediction intervals when evaluating equation results for Regions 5-8, especially for low-flow equations. Depending on the level of accuracy needed, users should consider supplementing flow-statistic estimates made from the regression equations with estimates made using the drainage-area ratio, and partial-record site methods. Additional flow data collected from seepage runs along the stream upstream and downstream of the ungaged site of interest could provide an improved estimate of low-flow statistics (Riggs, 1972). Data precision is decreased with regression equations that contain basin characteristics data created from GIS datasets. Computer generated tabular data typically are presented with arbitrary fixed decimal points. The precision of these data cannot always be assumed. Final flow statistics estimated from regression equations that were created from measured flow data and GIS data should not be presented with a level of precision greater than 3 significant figures. More detail on the accuracy of the regression equations can be obtained from Risley and Others (2008): Risley, John, Stonewall, Adam, and Haluska, Tana, 2008, Estimating flow-duration and low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5126, 22 p. Available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5126/. Unknown See Accuracy Report The sub-basin polygons are based on raster representations of drainage basins and are assumed to be topologically correct. Data are complete The sub-basin polygons are based on raster representations of drainage basins derived from 30-m resolution elevation data. John Risley Adam Stonewall Tana Haluska 2008 model U. S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5126 Portland, OR U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5126/ electronic report 2008 publication date Risley and others (2008) regression equations for computation of flow statistics U.S. Geological Survey Unknown http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/oregon.html online Unknown Unknown StreamStats Source of basin outlines USDA/NRCS - National Geospatial Management Center Unknown http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov vector digital data 20080527 20080527 WBD Source of basin outlines Acquired the 12 Digit Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) 1:24,000 with hydrologic unit (HU) data from the USDA Geospatial Data Gateway for Klamath County, Oregon using the One ESRI Shape option to create a single shapefile and projection UTM Zone 10 NAD83. (http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/GDGOrder.aspx?order=QuickState) on 08/20/2010. The data was delivered by sub-basin and includes data for HUC-8, HUC-10, and HUC-12 HUC is Hydrologic Unit Code) for the complete HUC-8 for any HUC-8 that are completely or partially within Klamath County, Oregon. Attributes are provided for hydrologic unit codes, hydrologic unit name, downstream hydrologic unit, man-made modifications to overland flow that alter the location of the HU boundary, and HU type for each hydrologic unit level 1-6. An acres field already exists for each subwatershed. WBD 20100820 Reselected for all HUC-12 = 18010201, 18010202, or 18010202 (Upper Klamath Lake, Williamson River, and Sprague River drainages) that approximately cover our study area. WBD 2010 Reselected for the 67 HUC-12 that that approximately cover our study area. WBD 2010 PourPoints were created for each of the 67 HUC-12 within the study area WBD 2010 Acquired StreamStats GRID (StreamStats is a Web-based GIS application computing basin characteristics including the drainage area, stream slope, mean annual precipitation and percentage of forested area http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/oregon.html) StreamStats 2010 A comparison of the HUC-12 PourPoints with the GRID representation of rivers and streams of the 1:24,000 National Hydrography Dataset from StreamStats. If the PourPoint and exact StreamStats GRID cell were not identical then the location of the HUC-12 PourPoint was edited to correctly align with the location of the GRID cell from StreamStats so that automated basin delineation by StreamStats would produce the correct subbasin. Several iterations were needed to ensure that the locations of the PourPoints used generated the desired subbasins. Some HUC-12 PourPoints were moved to be coincident with existing USGS gaging stations to facilitate comparison with previous generated basin and flow statistics. PourPoints were created for some subbasins so as to subdivide them into two basins to better match the stream network used in StreamStats. A total of 72 subbasins were created. 71 subbasins cover the Study Area. An additional subbasin for the area of Pour_Point 20 consisting of the Williamson River drainage above the former site of the town of Kirk, Oregon was created to calculate flow statistics for the discharge into the lower Williamson River subbasins. StreamStats 2010 StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/oregon.html) was then used to estimate the basin characteristics for the 72 subbasins for the drainage area located above the PourPoint for each basin. StreamStats 2010 The basin characteristics from StreamStats were saved to an Excel spreadsheet and used as explanatory variables in regression equations to calculate flow statistics for the 72 individual basins. The regression equations are documented in Risley and others (2008) and were developed using their Region 8 subset of 25 streamflow gaging stations located in south-central Oregon, 5 of which were within the study area. A total of 13 equations were used to compute 7 statistics (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, and 95th percent exceedances; and 7-day, 10-year [7Q10] and 7-day, 2-year [7Q2] low flows) on an annual basis. The computations for about 25 percent of the 72 basins resulted in negative flows. Computed negative flows are simply a prediction of zero flow conditions for these basins and therefore these flows were set to zero flow. The flow statistics are for flow generated from the entire drainage area above the PourPoint. Risley and others (2008) 2012 Flow statistics calculated using regression equations were contained in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The spreadsheet was joined to the feature class containing the basin characteristics and exported to a new feature class. This step also re-projected the file from NAD83 Albers to UTM 10 NAD83 because of the projection the feature dataset the feature class was imported into. No re-projection parameters were specified. 2012 Vector GT-polygon composed of chains 72 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 10N 0.9996 -123.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.0001 0.0001 Meter D North American 1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 KBRA_OPWP_SubBasin_Analysis_v3 Basin Characteristics and streamflow statistics for the sub-basin represented by each polygon U.S. Geological Survey FID Internal feature number. ESRI Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape Feature geometry. ESRI Coordinates defining the features. HydroID Unique identifier within the ArcHydro database ArcHydro Tools Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. DrainID HydroID of the hucpoly associated with the longest flow path. ArcHydro Tools Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. DRNAREA Area that drains to a point on a stream U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 1.763693 3065.579972 square miles SUMSTREAMS Total stream length U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0.720189 2375.298987 miles WATCAP Available water capacity of the top 60 inches of soil determined from STATSGO data Natural Resources Conservation Service State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) Database 0.084505 0.34 inches per inches SOILPERM Average Soil Permeability U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0.711304 14.713573 inches per hour ELEV Mean Basin Elevation U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 4141 6654 feet ELEVMAX Maximum basin elevation U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 4145.969902 8979.998293 feet MINBELEV Minimum basin elevation U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 4127.432252 5815.73637 feet BSLOPD Mean basin slope measured in degrees U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0 11 degrees MAXBSLOPD Maximum basin slope, in degrees, using ArcInfo Grid with NHDPlus 30-m resolution elevation data. U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 1.266732 75.44765 degrees MINBSLOPD Minimum basin slope, in degrees, using ArcInfo Grid with NHDPlus 30-m resolution elevation data. U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0 0.047266 degrees IMPERV Percentage of impervious area U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0 0.063972 percent JANMAXTMP Mean Maximum January Temperature U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 33.673 39.148 degrees F JANMINTMP Mean Minimum January Temperature U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 16.691 20.611 degrees F PRECIP Mean Annual Precipitation U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 16.734 67.565 inches MAXTEMP Mean annual minimum air temperature over basin surface area as defined in SIR 2008-5126 U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 49.03 60.224 degrees F MINTEMP Mean annual minimum air temperature over basin surface area as defined in SIR 2008-5126 U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 27.523 31.744 degrees F RELIEF Maximum - minimum elevation U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 5.249599 4852.56604 feet DRNDENSITY Basin drainage density defined as total stream length divided by drainage area. U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0.090589 1.158133 miles per square mile FOREST Percentage of area covered by forest U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0 97.458 percent OR_HIPERMA Percent basin surface area containing high permeability aquifer units as defined in SIR 2008-5126 U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0 100 percent OR_HIPERMG Percent basin surface area containing high permeability geologic units as defined in SIR 2008-5126 U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats) 0 98 percent Pour_Point Unique identifier for the point that a basin drains to and was used to delineate it in StreamStats U.S. Geological Survey Sequential whole numbers Ann_P5 Daily mean flow with annual exceedence probability of 5-percent U.S. Geological Survey 9.66 3570.11 cubic feet per second Ann_P10 Daily mean flow with annual exceedence probability of 10-percent U.S. Geological Survey 5.31 2684.8 cubic feet per second Ann_P25 Daily mean flow with annual exceedence probability of 25-percent U.S. Geological Survey 1.59 1613.77 cubic feet per second Ann_P50 Daily mean flow with annual exceedence probability of 50-percent U.S. Geological Survey 0.34 996.98 cubic feet per second Ann_P95 Daily mean flow with annual exceedence probability of 95-percent U.S. Geological Survey 0 673.58 cubic feet per second Ann_7Q2 Annual 7-day minimum flow with a 2-year recurrence interval U.S. Geological Survey 0 623.34 cubic feet per second Ann_7Q10 Annual 7-day minimum flow with a 10-year recurrence interval U.S. Geological Survey 0 400.52 cubic feet per second Area_sq_mi Area of feature in square miles U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P5_PI_90Lower The lower limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P5 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P10_PI_90Lower The lower limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P10 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P25_PI_90Lower The lower limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P25 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P50_PI_90Lower The lower limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P50 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P95_PI_90Lower The lower limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P95 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_7Q2_PI_90Lower The lower limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_7Q2 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_7Q10_PI_90Lower The lower limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_7Q10 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P5_PI_90Upper The upper limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P5 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P10_PI_90Upper The upper limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P10 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P25_PI_90Upper The upper limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P25 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P50_PI_90Upper The upper limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P50 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_P95_PI_90Upper The upper limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_P95 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_7Q2_PI_90Upper The upper limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_7Q2 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers Ann_7Q10_PI_90Upper The upper limit of the 90-percent prediction interval for the Ann_7Q10 flow statistic. Units are in cubic feet per second (cfs). Prediction intervals indicate the probability that the true flow for the specified flow statistic for a site is within the given bounds of flow. For example, the 90-percent prediction interval for a flow estimate of a specified flow statistic at a site indicates that there is 90 percent confidence that the true flow for the site is between the given lower and upper flow values. Details about, and the equations used to compute the prediction intervals can be found in Risley and others (2008, p. 16). Prediction intervals are not calculated for basins with values of the independent variables that are outside the range of the values of these independent variables for the gaging stations used to develop the regression equations for that region. For Region 8 prediction intervals are not calculated for values of drainage area or mean annual precipitation outside the range of 18.32 to 1,591.12 square miles or 13.9 to 80.2 inches, respectively (Risley and others, 2008, table 17). U.S. Geological Survey Positive real numbers U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team Unknown

445 National Center

Reston VA 20192 US 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://water.usgs.gov/user_feedback_form.html Downloadable Data Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data, software, or related materials. The use of firm, trade, or brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. The names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners. ESRI Geodatabase Feature Class ArcGIS 10 PKZIP compression Winzip http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/KBRA_OPWP_Subbasin_Streamflow_Statistics_v3.gdb.zip None. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service. 20111012 U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team Unknown

445 National Center

Reston VA 20192 US 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+KBRA_OPWP_SubBasin_Analysis_v3 FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998