Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership Charles M. Cannon Mary F. Ramirez Danelle W. Heatwole Jennifer L. Burke Charles A. Simenstad Jim E. O'Connor Keith Marcoe 2012 vector digital data Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?creec_hydrogeomorphic_reach Estuarine ecosystems are controlled by a variety of processes that operate at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Understanding the hierarchical nature of these processes will aid in prioritization of restoration efforts. This hierarchical Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem Classification (henceforth "Classification") of the Columbia River estuary is a spatial database of the tidally-influenced reaches of the lower Columbia River, the tidally affected parts of its tributaries, and the landforms that make up their floodplains for the 230 kilometers between the Pacific Ocean and Bonneville Dam. This work is a collaborative effort between University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (henceforth "UW"), U.S. Geological Survey (henceforth "USGS"), and the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership (henceforth "EP"). Consideration of geomorphologic processes will improve the understanding of controlling physical factors that drive ecosystem evolution along the tidal Columbia River. The Classification is organized around six hierarchical levels, progressing from the coarsest, regional scale to the finest, localized scale: (1) Ecosystem Province; (2) Ecoregion; (3) Hydrogeomorphic Reach; (4) Ecosystem Complex; (5) Geomorphic Catena; and (6) Primary Cover Class. For Levels 4 and 5, we mapped landforms within the Holocene floodplain primarily by visual interpretation of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) topography supplemented with aerial photographs, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soils data, and historical maps. Mapped landforms are classified as to their current geomorphic function, the inferred process regime that formed them, and anthropogenic modification. Channels were classified primarily by a set of depth-based rules and geometric relationships. Classification Level 5 floodplain landforms ("geomorphic catenae") were further classified based on multivariate analysis of land-cover within the mapped landform area and attributed as "sub-catena". The extent of detailed mapping is the interpreted Holocene geologic floodplain of the tidal Columbia River and its tributaries to the estimated head of tide. The extent of this dataset also includes tributary valleys that are not mapped in detail. The upstream extents of tributary valleys are an estimation of the limit of Columbia River influence and are for use as containers in future analyses. The geologic floodplain is the geomorphic surface that is actively accumulating sediment through occasional overbank deposition. Most features within the geologic floodplain are considered to be formed during the recent (Holocene-epoch) climatic regime. There are bedrock and pre-Holocene sedimentary deposits included where they are surrounded by Holocene sediment accumulations or have been shaped by Holocene floods. In some places, Holocene landforms such as landslides, tributary fans, and coastal dunes are mapped that extend outside of the modern floodplain. This map is not a floodplain hazard map or delineation of actual flood boundaries. Although wetlands are included in the Classification, they are based on different criteria than jurisdictional wetlands. The extent of mapping may differ from the actual limit of tidal influence. The Classification is intended to improve the understanding of controlling physical factors that drive ecosystem evolution along the Columbia River estuary as well as to provide an inventory of contemporary landforms within the estuary. 2009 ground condition Complete None planned -124.091448 -121.900868 46.403348 45.315115 None inlandWaters geomorphology LiDAR ecosystem estuary classification Geographic Names Information System Columbia River Oregon Washington Clatsop County Columbia County Multnomah County Clackamas County Skamania County Clark County Cowlitz County Wahkiakum County Pacific County None Lower Columbia River Basin None The Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership, U.S. Geological Survey, and University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences should be acknowledged as the data source in products derived from these data. Keith Marcoe Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership GIS Specialist mailing address

811 SW Naito Parkway, Suite 410

Portland OR 97204 USA 503-226-1565 N/A N/A kmarcoe@lcrep.org (Warning: Although accurate at the time of production, this information may have become obsolete. See the Metadata_Reference_Information section for a current contact.) http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/CREEC_Hydrogeomorphic_Reach.jpg Illustration of data set JPEG This database was created by personnel from U.S. Geological Survey, University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, and the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership under the guidance of the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership. Funding for this work was provided by Bonneville Power Administration. Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcGIS 10.0.2.3200 Features were generally interpreted at a scale of 1:5,000 and digitized at scales ranging from 1:2,000 to 1:5,000, using the 1-meter resolution LiDAR topography as a base. There are polygons where the landforms could not be identified with reasonable certainty based on available information. Mapping has been reviewed by team members. Data are topologically correct in ArcGIS. Topology rules were used to edit features and verify that polygons were completely enclosed. There are polygons where the landforms could not be identified with reasonable certainty based on available information. Floodplain and surgeplain features were interpreted and digitized at scales ranging from 1:2,000 to 1:5,000, using the 1-meter resolution LiDAR topography as a base. Channel features were mapped using a 1-meter resolution bathymetric terrain model that was derived from data collected at various resolutions U.S. Army Corps of Engineers David C. Smith & Associates Watershed Sciences, Inc. Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership 2010 raster digital data Digital terrain model consisting of 1-meter resolution gridded LiDAR topography acquired 2009-2010 and bathymetry from various collections. Most bathymetry was collected between 1990 and 2010, but some was collected in the 1930s and 1940s. disc 1930 2010 ground condition DTM2010 Topographic base for landform mapping and depth-based channel classification Sanborn Map Company, produced for the Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership (LCREP), with assistance from NOAA's Ocean Service, Coastal Service Center (CSC). Funding provided by Bonneville Power Administration 20110505 remote-sensing image Portland, OR Sanborn Map Company The 2010 Lower Columbia River Estuary classified land cover data set, with an emphasis on estuarine and tidal freshwater vegetation types, was derived using a high resolution image segmentation and object based classification process. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/ccaphighres/index.html aerial photography 2007 2010 ground condition Landcover Basis for subcatena classification and reference for landform interpretation USDA-FSA Aerial Photography Field Office 2009 remote-sensing image Salt Lake City, Utah USDA_FSA_APFO Aerial Photography Field Office preliminary compressed county mosaics of one-meter resolution color orthophotographs http://www.oregonexplorer.info/imagery/ aerial photography 20090623 20090627 ground condition OR NAIP2009 Base image for interpretation USDA-FSA Aerial Photography Field Office 2009 remote-sensing image Salt Lake City, Utah USDA FSA Aerial Photography Field Office compressed county mosaics of one-meter resolution color orthophotographs http://gis.ess.washington.edu/data/raster/naip2009ccm_wa/ aerial photography 20090801 20090911 ground condition WA NAIP2009 Base image for interpretation U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils 1919 vector map unknown U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils Soils map with topography from U.S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of Soils in cooperation with Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station 62,500 paper 1919 publication date Mult Soils 1919 Historical topographic and soils map used to identify landforms U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20090812 vector digital data Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service or007 http://SoilDataMart.nrcs.usda.gov/ online 19980717 20090812 publication date NRCS Soils mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20070807 vector digital data Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service or009 http://SoilDataMart.nrcs.usda.gov/ online 19980717 20070807 publication date NRCS Soils mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20070807 vector digital data Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service or051 http://SoilDataMart.nrcs.usda.gov/ online 19960229 20070807 publication date NRCS Soils mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20090922 vector digital data Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service wa659 http://SoilDataMart.nrcs.usda.gov/ online 20040420 20090922 publication date NRCS Soils mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20061121 vector digital data Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service wa011 http://SoilDataMart.nrcs.usda.gov/ online 20030419 20061121 publication date NRCS Soils mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20061128 vector digital data Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service wa015 http://SoilDataMart.nrcs.usda.gov/ online 20051103 20061128 publication date NRCS Soils mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 20090922 vector digital data Fort Worth, Texas U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service wa627 http://SoilDataMart.nrcs.usda.gov/ online 20000117 20090922 publication date NRCS Soils mapping used to identify landforms Compiled by Lina Ma, Ian P. Madin, Keith V. Olson, and Rudie J. Watzig, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries 2009 vector digital data OGDC v5 Portland, OR Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries http://www.oregongeology.org/sub/default.htm http://navigator.state.or.us/sdl/data/OGDCv5.zip online 2009 publication date OGDC5 Geologic mapping used to identify landforms Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources 2005 vector digital data Open File Report 2005-3 Olympia, WA Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources http://www.dnr.wa.gov/ResearchScience/Topics/GeologicHazardsMapping/Pages/geol_mapping_100k.aspx 100,000 online 2005 publication date WA Geol Geologic mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Geological Survey Unknown http://nhd.usgs.gov/ vector digital data Unknown Unknown NHD Information on channels from flowlines Jennifer L. Burke 2010 map Burke, Jennifer L. 2010. Georeferenced historical topographic survey maps of the Columbia River estuary. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Wa. Funded by U.S. Corps of Engineers, Portland District and NOAA Northwest Fisheries. https://catalysttools.washington.edu/workspace/wet/14965/ 10,000 online 1868 1901 ground condition T-sheets Identification of historical conditions U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 20090925 vector digital data Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-79/31. unknown Washington, D.C. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Habitat and Resouce Conservation http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ online 1975 2000 ground condition NWI Indicator of wetlands William J. Burns Ian Madin Lina Ma Katherine Mickelson Evan Saint-Pierre 20110330 vector digital data Statewide Landslide Information Database of Oregon (SLIDO) 2 Portland, OR Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries http://www.oregongeology.com/sub/slido/ online 20110330 publication date SLIDO Identification of landslides Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources 2008 vector digital data Landslides, 1:24,000 Scale 2 Olympia, WA Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources http://www.dnr.wa.gov/ResearchScience/Topics/GeosciencesData/Pages/gis_data.aspx 24,000 online 2008 publication date WA Slides Identification of landslides Russell C. Evarts 2002 vector digital data Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2392 unknown U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2392/ 24,000 online 2002 publication date Evarts (2002) Geologic mapping used to identify landforms Russell C. Evarts Jessica Block (Database Editor) Philip Dinterman (Database Editor) 2004 vector digital data Scientific Investigations Map 2827 unknown U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2827/ 24,000 online 2004 publication date Evarts (2004a) Geologic mapping used to identify landforms Russell C. Evarts Jessica Block (Database Editor) Philip Dinterman (Database Editor) 2004 vector digital data Scientific Investigations Map 2834 unknown U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2834/ 24,000 online 2004 publication date Evarts (2004b) Geologic mapping used to identify landforms Russell C. Evarts Jessica Block (Database Editor) Philip Dinterman (Database Editor) 2004 vector digital data Scientific Investigations Map 2844 unknown U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2844/ 24,000 online 2004 publication date Evarts (2004c) Geologic mapping used to identify landforms Russell C. Evarts and Jim E. O'Connor Philip Dinterman and Karen L. Wheeler (database) 2008 vector digital data Scientific Investigations Map 3017 unknown U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3017/ 24,000 online 2008 publication date Evarts and O'Connor (2008) Geologic mapping used to identify landforms Russell C. Evarts, Jim E. O'Connor, and Terry L. Tolan unknown map unpublished draft of Washougal quadrangle 24,000 disc 2010 ground condition Evarts and others (unpublished) Geologic mapping used to identify landforms U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation & Science Center (EROS) unknown map USGS Digital Raster Graphics various Sioux Falls U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation & Science Center (EROS) Digital Raster Graphics (DRGs) are scanned color images of USGS topographic maps. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov 24,000 online 1949 1995 publication date DRG General reference used as an aid to identify water and wetland features Western Ecology Division, US EPA, Corvallis, Oregon unknown vector digital data Corvallis, OR U.S. EPA Office of Research & Development (ORD) - National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL) http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions.htm online unknown publication date EPA Level IV Basis for delineation of hydrogeomorphic reaches U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978 document Columbia River Datum elevations based on Flood Profiles, CL-03-116, April 1973 Revision email 1973 publication date USACE (1978) Source of conversions to convert between National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 and Columbia River Datum U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1968 profile 1968 revision of CL-03-116 paper 1968 publication date USACE (1968) Guidance to identify transitions in pre-regulation maximum flood tide level and to convert between Columbia River Datum by river mile National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association 2009 01 raster digital data Vertical Datums Transformation Tool 2.2.7 using conversions from "Washington - Oregon - Columbia River and Southern Washington, Version 01" http://vdatum.noaa.gov computer program 2009 publication date VDatum Tool to convert from National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Christopher R. Sherwood David A. Jay R. Bradford Harvey Peter Hamilton Charles A. Simenstad 1990 document Progress in Oceanography v. 25 Sherwood, C.R., Jay, D.A., Harvey, R.B., Hamilton, P., and Simenstad, C.A., 1990, Historical changes in the Columbia River estuary: Progress in Oceanography, v. 25, p. 299-357. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/007966119090011P online 1990 publication date Sherwood and others (1990) Source of up-estuary extent of historic salinity Tobias Kukulka David A. Jay 2003 document Journal of Geophysical Research 108 Kukulka, T., and Jay, D.A., 2003, Impacts of Columbia River discharge on salmonid habitat: 1. A nonstationary fluvial tide model: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. C9, 3293, doi:10.1029/2002JC001382, accessed July 5, 2011 at http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/jc0309/2002JC001382/ http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/jc0309/2002JC001382/ online 2003 publication date Kukulka and Jay (2003a) Guidance to identify transitions in pre-regulation maximum flood tide level Tobias Kukulka David A. Jay 2003 document Journal of Geophysical Research 108 Kukulka, T., and Jay, D.A., 2003, Impacts of Columbia River discharge on salmonid habitat: 2. Changes in shallow-water habitat: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. C9, 3294, doi:10.1029/2003JC001829, accessed July 5, 2011 at http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/jc0309/2003JC001829/ http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/jc0309/2003JC001829/ online 2003 publication date Kukulka and Jay (2003b) Guidance to identify transitions in pre-regulation maximum flood tide level Charles A. Simenstad Cheryl A. Morgan Jeffrey R. Cordell John A. Baross 1994 document Simenstad, C.A., Morgan, C.A., Cordell, J.R., and Baross, J.A., 1994, Flux, passive retention, and active residence of zooplankton in Columbia River estuarine turbidity maxima, in Dyer, K., and Orth, B., eds., Changing particle flux in estuaries—implications from science to management: (ECSA22/ERF Symposium, Plymouth, September 1992), Olsen & Olsen Press, Fredensborg, p. 473-482. paper 1994 publication date Simenstad and others (1994a) Information to approximate mean position of estuarine turbidity maximum C. A. Simenstad D. J. Reed D. A. Jay J. A. Baross F. G. Prahl L. F. Small 1994 document Simenstad, C.A., Reed, D.J., Jay, D.A., Baross, J.A., Prahl, F.G., and Small, L.F., 1994b, Land-margin ecosystem research in the Columbia River estuary: investigations of the couplings between physical and ecological processes within estuarine turbidity maxima, in Dyer, K., and Orth, B., eds., Changing particle flux in estuaries—implications from science to management (ECSA22/ERF Symposium, Plymouth, September 1992), Olsen & Olsen Press, Fredensborg, p. 437-444. paper 1994 publication date Simenstad and others (1994b) Information to approximate mean position of estuarine turbidity maximum Delineation of hydrogeomorphic reaches Hydrogeomorphic reaches were defined by manually adjusting the boundaries of EPA Level IV Ecoregions. Five primary factors were used to determine locations of hydrogeomorphic reach boundaries progressively (up-estuary) along the estuarine gradient: 1. Maximum (historic) salinity intrusion based on Sherwood and others (1990). 2. Up-estuary excursion of estuarine turbidity maximum based on information from Simenstad and others (1994a), Simenstad and others (1994b), and unpublished data. 3. Mean position of the up-estuary extent of tidal reversal based on predicted currents from Tides & Currents Ver. 2.5 (Nautical Software, Inc.) 4. Convergences with major tributaries and slough systems. 5. Transitions in maximum flood (pre-regulation) water level based on major inflections in flood elevations as determined from USACE (1968), Kukulka and Jay (2003a), and Kukulka and Jay (2003b). EPA Level IV Sherwood and others (1990) Simenstad and others (1994a) Simenstad and others (1994b) Kukulka and Jay (2003a) Kukulka and Jay (2003b) unknown Jennifer Burke and Charles Simenstad University of Washington mailing address

School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences

1122 Boat Street NE

Seattle WA 98105 USA 206-543-7185 simenstd@u.washington.edu (Warning: Although accurate at the time of production, this information may have become obsolete. See the Metadata_Reference_Information section for a current contact.) Floodplain landform mapping 1. Gridded bare earth LiDAR topography (DTM2010) was mosaiced using ArcGIS. 2. Slope and profile curvature rasters were derived from the bare earth mosaic. 3. The bare earth mosaics were converted from North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) to Columbia River Datum (CRD). This was accomplished by applying a conversion at each river mile above river mile 22. At and below river mile 22, no conversion was applied. The conversion factor was based on elevations obtained from USACE (1978) to convert from National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29) to CRD. These conversions were assigned to river mile points and converted to NAVD88 values using the VDatum utility from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The conversions were assigned to polygons drawn orthogonal to a modified version of the NHD flowline representing the Columbia River at one mile intervals. The polygons were converted to a raster of the same resolution as the bare earth mosaics and added to the bare earth mosaics to obtain rasters with elevations relative to CRD. 4. Topography was visualized using the slope raster, overlain by transparent profile curvature and CRD elevation rasters. Slope was symbolized with a color ramp where white to black corresponded to 0 to 90 degrees. Profile curvature was symbolized over the interval -0.2 to 0.2 inverse meters with a “Hot to Cold Diverging” color ramp so that concave slope breaks were red and convex slope breaks were blue. The CRD elevation raster was symbolized with the ‘Elevation’ color ramp in ArcGIS version 10.0 over the interval 0 to 12.2 m (40 ft) above CRD. 5. Floodplain features were digitized by drawing polylines in an ESRI file geodatabase (version 10.0) feature class. The lines were drawn using breaks in slope wherever possible. 6. An ESRI geodatabase topology rule of "no dangles" was used for line editing. This required that both ends of every line connected to another line and ensured that all polygons were completely enclosed. 7. Floodplain features were attributed using a point feature class. Feature identification was based on properties of the area enclosed by the lines (which could include elevation, texture, concavity, position relative to other features, NRCS soils, geologic maps, historical maps, DRG, aerial photographs, land-cover, NWI, NHD, and field observations). Features were assigned attributes identifying the discrete landform (Catena), disturbance regime it is a part of (Complex), the stream associated with the disturbance regime (Channel), The material the landform is expected to be composed of (Material), type of island the feature is part of (Island), the LCREP hydrogeomorphic reach the feature is in (Reach), an assessment of whether the feature is has been modified or is artificial (Anthropogenic), and for the lower reaches, whether or not the feature is in an area of ground subsidence. 8. The line and point feature classes were converted to polygons using the "Feature To Polygon" tool in ArcToolbox. DTM2010 Landcover OR NAIP2009 WA NAIP2009 Mult Soils 1919 NRCS DRG OGDC5 WA Geol NHD T-sheets NWI SLIDO WA Slides Evarts (2002) Evarts (2004a) Evarts (2004b) Evarts (2004c) Evarts and Jim E. O'Connor (2008) Evarts and others (unpublished) DRG USACE (1978) VDatum 2010-2012 Charles Cannon U.S. Geological Survey Student Trainee (hydrology) mailing address

2130 SW 5th Avenue

Portland OR 97201 USA 503-251-3273 ccannon@usgs.gov (Warning: Although accurate at the time of production, this information may have become obsolete. See the Metadata_Reference_Information section for a current contact.) Channel unit mapping Deep channel 1. Bathymetry from DTM2010 was extracted to four rasters representing: Columbia River reaches A-F, Columbia River reaches G and H, the Willamette River, and Multnomah Channel. 2. The rasters were classified into five quantiles. 3. The 20-percent quantile was used to represent the deep channel, which corresponds to elevations (NAVD88) of -11.3, -6.8, -13.3, and -6.9 meters for reaches A-F, G-H, Willamette River, and Multnomah Channel respectively. 4. The classified raster was converted to polygons. 5. Polygons with areas (in square meters) less than 12,000 (for A-F), 6,000 (for A-F), or 1,200 (Willamette River and Multnomah Channel) were removed. 6. The polygons were smoothed using a cluster tolerance of 100 meters. 7. The polygons were converted to polylines and un-split. 8. Lines shorter than 250 meters for the Columbia River and shorter than 50 meters for the Willamette River and Multnomah Channel were removed. 9. Lines representing shallower areas within the deep water areas were removed. 10. Lines were adjusted so they connected at seams. 11. Lines were drawn through data gaps to connect to lines at both ends. 12. A topology rule of "no dangles" was used to edit lines so that both ends of every line connected to another line and ensured that all polygons would be completely enclosed. Permanently flooded 1. A raster representation of low water was derived from a modified version of the NHD flowline representing the Columbia River by: a. Placing points at one-mile intervals along the modified NHD flowline b. Removing points that did not correspond to localities shown on USACE (1968) c. Assigning the elevation of Columbia River Datum (CRD) values relative to National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29) to points upstream of Longview, WA based on low water values shown on USACE (1968) d. Converting the NGVD29 values to NAVD 88 using the VDatum utility from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) e. Assigning mean lower-low water (MLLW) values from NOAA tide gages (based on the 1983-2001 tidal epoch and relative to NAVD88) to points downstream of Longview, WA f. Interpolating from the points using inverse distance weighting and an outline of the estuary as an interpolation barrier 2. Elevations lower than or equal to low water were extracted from DTM2010 and converted to polygons. 3. Polygons smaller than 12,000 square meters were removed. 4. Polygons were converted to polylines and un-split. 5. Lines shorter than 150 meters were removed. 6. The polygons were smoothed using a cluster tolerance of 100 meters. 7. For reaches A and B, lines were simplified using the BEND_SIMPLIFY algorithm in ArcGIS with a reference baseline of 100 m and subsequently smoothed using a cluster tolerance of 100 meters. 8. Lines were adjusted so they connected at seams. 9. Lines were drawn through data gaps to connect to lines at both ends. 10. A topology rule of "no dangles" was used to edit lines so that both ends of every line connected to another line and ensured that all polygons would be completely enclosed. Intermittently exposed The channel area between floodplain units and the low water line is classified as “intermittently exposed”. Confluences At confluences with tributaries, channel units were assigned a modifier indicating that they are in a confluence area. Confluences areas were digitized using the Construct Geodetic tool in ArcGIS to draw a geodesic circle with a radius equal to the width of the channel at its mouth and centered on the line at the channel mouth. Secondary channels Where there are islands in the mainstem Columbia River, the narrower branches are classified as belonging to the “secondary channel” complex if they do not have “deep channel” areas running through them and are either less one-half the width of the wider channel or less than one-sixth the length of the island. DTM2010 Landcover USACE (1968) VDatum 2010-2012 Mary Ramirez and Charles Simenstad University of Washington mailing address

School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences

1122 Boat Street NE

Seattle WA 98105 USA 206-543-7185 simenstd@u.washington.edu (Warning: Although accurate at the time of production, this information may have become obsolete. See the Metadata_Reference_Information section for a current contact.) Sub-catena classification Multivariate Classification The multivariate analysis identifies classes of primary cover in the geomorphic catenae to systematically organize how and where the structure and type of biological land cover data are comparable. Several multivariate analysis tools were used to perform this “grouping” of primary cover class composition into statistically distinct groups. All statistical analyses were performed using the PRIMER v6.0 multivariate statistics program. These analytical tools, and the PRIMER package in particular, are used extensively in applied ecology and other scientific inquiries where the degree of similarity in organization of multivariate (e.g., species, ecosystem attributes) data is of interest. Analyses were done for each catena across the entire study area where primary cover class data existed. Sites not included in the multivariate analysis (due either to catena classification or location outside cover class extent) are labeled ‘unclassified’. Hierarchical Clustering (CLUSTER and SIMPROF) Hierarchical clustering based on the Bray-Curtis resemblance matrix was used to group catena sites (samples) by their compositions (percentages) of land cover class. The similarity profile permutation test (SIMPROF) was used to identify groups that statistically differ from each other in multivariate structure. The output is a dendrogram, or tree diagram, displaying the grouping of samples into successively smaller numbers of clusters, of ever-larger size, as the threshold level of similarity at which two groups are considered to merge into one is steadily decreased. Where a high number of small groups were identified, the level of similarity was decreased merging together some groups and allowing for more manageable interpretation. Data was square root transformed before analysis, as is suitable for percentage data. Contributions of Variables to Similarity (SIMPER) SIMPER analysis was used to interpret differences between groups when they have been shown to exist (in our case by the SIMPROF test) by identifying discriminating variables (land cover classes) that contribute to similarity within a group and dissimilarity among groups. Sub-catena nomenclature was based on the results of this analysis. When a variable is shown to have a consistently large presence and dominates the composition of samples within a group (accounts for 70 percent or greater of the contribution to similarity), the group is then named for that variable. Groups that were primarily composed of ‘similar’ land cover classes were given a generic name to encompass both and/or all contributing variables (i.e. Mixed wetland vegetation). Where there was not a clearly dominant variable or complimentary variables, samples were reviewed individually for appropriate sub-catena designation. Catenae not used in multivariate analysis include the primarily water features: Deep channel, Permanently flooded, Intermittently exposed, Tertiary channel, Unknown depth, Lake/pond, Tributary (minor), Side channel, Tidal channel, and Floodplain channel; and Bedrock. Volcanogenic delta and Volcanogenic delta affected by Columbia River floods were combined for multivariate analysis. Landcover 2011-2012 Mary Ramirez and Charles Simenstad University of Washington mailing address

School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences

1122 Boat Street NE

Seattle WA 98105 USA 206-543-7185 simenstd@u.washington.edu (Warning: Although accurate at the time of production, this information may have become obsolete. See the Metadata_Reference_Information section for a current contact.) Vector GT-polygon composed of chains 9798 NAD 1983 Lambert Conformal Conic 43.0 45.5 -120.5 41.75 400000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.000020372472844767522 0.000020372472844767522 Meter D North American 1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 CREEC_Hydrogeomorphic_Reach Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem Classification hydrogeomorphic reach classification Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem Classification OBJECTID Internal feature number. ESRI Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. SHAPE Feature geometry. ESRI Coordinates defining the features. Reach Hydrogeomorphic Reach classification. The level of the Hydrogeomorphic Reach in this classification represents the intersection of broad-scale geologic processes and events over the last 50 Ma with more modern or recent geologic and hydrologic processes of the Holocene. The overall physiography of the reaches relates mainly to the broad-scale geologic environment, including the Cascade and Coast Ranges, and the Portland Basin, whereas many of the defining criteria such as current and tide conditions reflect modern and recent geological conditions and processes. The EPA’s eight Level IV Ecoregions are the foundation of the Classification’s Level 3-Hydrogeomorphic Reaches and relate to estuarine ecosystems primarily by the character and magnitude of fluxes of water, sediment, nutrient, contaminant and other constituents delivered by tributaries draining different ecoregions. Simenstad and others (2011) A Coastal Lowlands Entrance-Mixing (river-kilometer 0-23 ). Level IV Coastal Lowlands, encompassing euhaline salinities and the region of most extensive mixing of estuarine and ocean waters around the estuary’s entrance and surrounding bays and tributary entrances. Broad mud and sand flats are particularly prominent features in the peripheral bays. This reach may have some of the most dynamic environmental conditions in terms of timing, frequency, and duration of disturbances. On regular and predictable tidal scales, factors like water salinity, velocity, and turbidity are affected by turbulent mixing of fluvial and oceanic waters across the estuary’s entrance. More stochastic disturbance events also are accentuated at the fluvial-tidal interface, where high perigean tides, storm surges and fluvial flooding can produce extreme coastal flooding events that occur approximately once per decade (Pacific County Historical Society and Museum, 2000) despite the extensive flood control capacity of the Columbia River Basin hydrosystem. This region also experiences extreme coastal disturbances associated with periodic subduction zone earthquakes including tsunami and episodes of coseismic subsidence (2-3 m) following by tectonic uplift (Atwater and Hemphill-Haley, 1997). In addition to the massive subduction zone earthquake last experienced on January 26, 1700, more than 20 significant earthquakes and 12 tsunami have been reported in the vicinity of Astoria and Willapa Bay since 1840 (Pacific County Historical Society and Museum, 2000). As a result of coastal tectonics, this hydrogeomorphic reach continues to experience coastal uplift, resulting in an average sea level fall of 0.7 to 1.7 mm/yr (Burgette and others, 2009), partly offset by episodic subsidence during subduction zone earthquakes. Simenstad and others (2011) B Coastal Uplands Salinity Gradient (river-kilometer 23-61). Level IV Coastal Uplands and Willapa Hills ecoregions combined, including the strongest salinity gradient from mesohaline to oligohaline at the up-estuary extent of salinity intrusion (about river-kilometer 45). Through this reach, the estuary converges from open and peripheral bays and bay head delta into a confined fluvial valley. Perhaps the most unique feature of this reach is the broad, complex mosaic of mid-channel islands, shoals and distributary and tidal channels. Sea level fall continues in this reach, producing emergence of up to 1.2 mm/yr east of river-kilometer 52 (Burgette and others, 2009). The combination of sea level fall and sediment accretion had produced 1-6 mm/yr of shoaling that is particularly evident in the “bay-head delta” of this reach (Sherwood and others, 1990; Peterson and others, 1999). As a result, successional development of sand and mud flats to emergent marshes, and emergent marshes to woody scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands appears to have occurred on islands in the reach (for example, Russian Island; Elliot 2004); conversely, very little erosion and disturbance is evident over the same period. Simenstad and others (2011) C Volcanics Current Reversal (river-kilometer 61-103.). Although dominantly a fluvial environment, Level IV Volcanics Ecoregion encompasses most of the up-estuary extent of current reversal (to river-kilometer 85 during low discharge): Reach C extends through a confined valley that bisects the eastern Coast Range but still contains large, swampy mid-channel islands, distributary channels and sloughs, and floodplains. Tidal influence diminishes extensively throughout the reach, such that the seasonal river discharge range at the eastern end of the reach is about 4.4 m but the maximum tidal influence is only 0.34 m. The primary natural disturbance regimes include energetic floods, downstream sediment deposition from episodic inputs from Mount St. Helens, and coastal subsidence from the massive subduction zone earthquakes up to about 80 river-kilometer. Simenstad and others (2011) D Western Cascades Tributary Confluences (river-kilometer 103-119). Most of the Level IV Puget Lowland Ecoregion, including the confined valley along the mainstem river and the broad bottomlands at the confluences of the Cowlitz and Kalama Rivers. Back channels and tidal channels dissect the floodplains. The river current seldom reverses within this reach although there is still about 0.2 m range of tidal influence. This reach receives episodic sediment inputs from the watershed and tributaries up-estuary as well as volumetrically prominent pulses of volcanogenic sediments from Mount St. Helens eruptions that enter the estuary as sediment or lahars through the Cowlitz River and Kalama River valleys. In the last several centuries, Mount St. Helens has erupted multiple times producing large amounts of sediment from 1480 to 1482 and in 1980 when it released about 100 million cubic meters of sediment that entered the estuary by 1987 (Gates, 1994). Additionally, in this reach, un-diked islands and floodplains have actively accreting and eroding margins (Atwater, 1994), resulting in local bar-and-swale morphology on islands and floodplains (for example, Cottonwood Island; Carrolls Channel). Simenstad and others (2011) E Tidal floodplain Basin Constriction (river-kilometer 119-137). Up-estuary segment of Level IV Puget Lowland Ecoregion and lower segment of the Level IV Portland/Vancouver Basin, divided at the major constriction in the estuary’s floodplain near the community of St. Helens and including the confluence of the estuary with the Lewis River: Other than the bottomlands formed at the confluences of the Lewis and Kalama Rivers, Reach E is narrowly confined by Tertiary bedrock valley sides and Pleistocene terrace and volcanic deposits. Both the Kalama and Lewis Rivers have conveyed volcaniclastic debris to the Columbia River from eruptions of Mount St. Helens, including large volume inputs about 2500 and 500 BP (Vogel, 2005). Tidal fluctuation has small influence (about 0.8 m range at Kalama), especially during peak flood stages of 7-9 m. Most of the floodplain islands, Columbia River floodplains and Lewis and Kalama Rivers deltas are thinly capped by fine sediments deposited from overbank flooding. Flood discharges have produced prominent channel migration bar-and-swale morphology on the islands and floodplains. The results of these processes are evident at Deer Island, where lateral bars and natural levees have formed from river migration during the late Holocene, leaving lower, swampy areas in the floodplain formed to the west. Simenstad and others (2011) F Middle Tidal floodplain Basin (river-kilometer 137-165). Portion of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers (including Multnomah Channel) floodplains in the Level IV Portland/Vancouver Basin down-estuary of the major confluence of the estuary with the Willamette River: This is the widest floodplain reach of the upper estuary where the wide alluvial valley (including Sauvie Island) is bounded by the Portland Hills uplift to the west and the Cascade volcanic arc to the east. The floodplain is composed of wetlands and many seasonal ponds within bar-and-swale deposits and scoured bedrock areas, as well as terraces and rocky outcroppings. Many of the wetland complexes are separated from the mainstem Columbia River channel by the slightly higher floodplain bar-and-swale deposits generated by lateral channel migration. The floodplain is circumscribed by distributary channels, most notably Multnomah Channel; many circuitous sloughs and tidal channels connect swale wetlands embedded in the bar-and-swale topography. Dikes, levees, road grades and drainage ditches have locally altered the hydrology and inundation characteristics of this reach. Tributary sediment delivery has not kept pace with the high rates of the Columbia River aggradation from downstream sedimentation, resulting in drowned tributary valleys, such as Scappoose Bay, that are integrated into the floodplain mosaic. Positioned downstream of the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers, this reach has been particularly vulnerable to flooding from combined Columbia River Basin freshets and coastal storms prior to completion of the substantial flood control capacity in the Willamette River basin during the mid- to late-20th century. Flooding from the “pineapple express” coastal storms (Colle and Mass, 2000) can influence this reach, including five floods of 3 m above Willamette River flood stage since 1876, with the most recent in 1996. This reach has little tidal influence, particularly during high river discharge. Simenstad and others (2011) G Upper Tidal floodplain Basin (river-kilometer 165-204). Portion of the Level IV Portland/Vancouver Basin from just upstream of the Willamette-Columbia Rivers confluence up-estuary to the western entrance to the Columbia River Gorge. Reach G is the up-estuary continuation of the wide alluvial valley centered around Holocene floodplain bounded by Pleistocene fluvial deposits and isolated Quaternary volcanic centers on the north and south. The Sandy and Washougal Rivers confluences in the eastern end of the reach are associated with narrow deltas and flood-plain wetlands. Sediment inputs from Mount St. Helens are primarily multiple limited-depth episodes of air-fall tephra deposition. Mount Hood, however, has been a large source of volcanogenic sediment, mainly by way of the Sandy River which joins the Columbia River at the upstream end of this reach. Mount Hood has erupted during two major periods since the 16th century, most recently from 1879 to about 1900, producing at least three lahars that entered the Columbia River about 1,500 years ago and depositing 340-640 million cubic meters within 15 km downstream of confluence (Rapp, 2005). Mid-channel islands (for example, Government, Reed Islands) appear to have been formed only in the last 500 years (Evarts and Jim E. O'Connor, 2008), likely growing in a down-estuary direction from sediment deposition initiated by accumulations of large woody debris. Major portions of the floodplain have been modified by levees and fill, particular in North Portland. Tidal variability in water level generally is obscured by river freshets and daily power peaking cycles of Bonneville Dam. Simenstad and others (2011) H Western Gorge (river-kilometer 204-233). Level IV West Cascades Lowlands and Valleys to Bonneville Dam: The terminal reach of the estuary is confined to the western end of the Columbia River Gorge, which was cut through the uplifted Cascade Range during the last 3-3.5 Ma (Evarts and others, 2009). The Holocene valley fill is locally flanked by Missoula Flood deposits and Pleistocene terraces, but much of the river is bordered by bedrock, coarse-grained alluvial fans, colluvium, and large landslide complexes, especially on the northern slopes (Jim E. O'Connor and Burns, 2009). The few peripheral floodplains (for example, Franz Lake) and wetlands occur mostly in the downstream lee of rocky valley projections but not at the outlets of major tributaries as in other reaches (for example, Sandy River in Reach G). Many of the prominent mainstem features like the large islands (for example, Bradford, Hamilton, Pierce Islands) were formed by the breaching of the A.D. 1415-1445 Bonneville Landslide sometime before A.D. 1479, producing a peak discharge as great as 110,000 m3/s and diverting the river channel south (abandoning the river course that is now Greenleaf Slough). This flood left distinctive overbank deposits down-estuary as far as Wallace Island in Hydrogeomorphic Reach C (Atwater, 1994; Jim E. O'Connor, 2004; Jim E. O'Connor and Burns, 2009). Evidence of late Holocene sand dune formation and growth over the last 2,500 years are still evident on Sandy Island and east of Rooster Rock. Steep valley walls provide episodic inputs of coarse-grained debris-discharge sediment, especially around the Warrendale area where large active fan complexes convey sediment from the steep walls of the Columbia River Gorge into the Columbia River. The influence of the tides (range less than 0.3 m) is much less than that of the power peaking cycle created by discharges from Bonneville Dam. Simenstad and others (2011) ReachName Descriptive name of hydrogeomorphic reach. Simenstad and others (2011) Names of hydrogeomorphic reaches. SHAPE_Length Length of feature in meters. ESRI Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. SHAPE_Area Area of feature in meters squared. ESRI Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Mapped landforms are classified as to the inferred process regime that formed them. Atwater, B.F. (compiler), 1994, Geology of liquefaction features about 300 years old along the lower Columbia River at Marsh, Brush, Price, Hunting, and Wallace Islands, Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-209. Atwater, B.F., and Hemphill-Haley, E., 1997, Recurrence intervals for great earthquakes of the past 3500 years at northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1576, 108 p. Burgette, R.J., Weldon II, R.J., and, Schmidt, D.A., 2009, Interseismic uplift rates for western Oregon and along-strike variation in locking on the Cascadia subduction zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 114, B01408, doi:10.1029/2008JB005679. Colle, B.A., Mass, C.F., 2000, The 5-9 February 1996 flooding event over the Pacific Northwest— sensitivity studies and evaluation of the MM5 precipitation forecasts: American Meteorological Society, v. 128, p. 593-617. Elliot, C., 2004, Tidal emergent plant communities, Russian Island, Columbia River estuary: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, M.S. thesis, 87 p. Evarts, R.C., and O'Connor, J.E., 2008, Geologic map of the Camas quadrangle, Clark County, Washington, and Multnomah County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map3017, scale 1:24,000, 31 p. Evarts, R.C., Jim E. O'Connor, J.E., Wells, R.E., and Madin, I.P., 2009, The Portland Basin—a (big) river runs through it: GSA Today, v. 19, doi: 10.1130/GSATG58A.1. Gates, E.B., 1994, The Holocene sedimentary framework of the lower Columbia River basin: Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, M.S. Thesis, 210 p. Jim E. O'Connor, J.E., 2004, The evolving landscape of the Columbia River Gorge—Lewis and Clark and cataclysms on the Columbia: Oregon Historical Quarterly, v. 105, p. 390-421. Jim E. O'Connor, J.E., and Burns, S.F., 2009, Columbia cataclysms and controversy—aspects of the geomorphology of the Columbia River Gorge, in Jim E. O'Connor, J.E., Dorsey, R.J., and Madin, I.P., eds., Volcanoes to Vineyards: Geologic Field Trips through the Dynamic Landscape of the Pacific Northwest: Geological Society of America Field Guide, v. 15, p. 237-251. Pacific County Historical Society and Museum, 2000, Columbia River chronology historic dates: Pacific County Historical Society and Museum searchable database, South Bend, Washington, accessed July 5, 2011 at http://www.pacificcohistory.org/. Peterson, C.D., Gelfenbaum, G.R., Jol, H.M., Phipps, J.B., Reckendorf, F., Twichell, D.C., Vanderburg, S., and Woxell, L.L., 1999, Great earthquakes, abundant sand, and high wave energy in the Columbia Cell, USA, in Kraus, N.C., and McDougal, W.G., eds., Coastal Sediments '99, Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, 4th International Symposium: American Society of Civil Engineers, v. 2, p. 1676-1691. Rapp, E.K., 2005, The Holocene stratigraphy of the Sandy River Delta, Oregon: Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, M.S. Thesis, 99 p. Rowland, J.C., Dietrich, W.E., Day, G., and Parker, G., 2009, Formation and maintenance of single-thread tie channels entering floodplain lakes: Observations from three diverse river systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 114, p. F02013. doi:10.1029/2008JF001073 Simenstad, C.A., Burke, J.L., Jim E. O'Connor, J.E., Cannon, C., Heatwole, D.W., Ramirez, M.F., Waite, I.R., Counihan, T.D., and Jones, K.L., 2011, Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem Classification—Concept and Application: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1228, 54 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1228/) Stanford, J.A., Lorang, M.S., and Hauer, F.R., 2005, The shifting habitat mosaic of river ecosystems: Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, v. 29, p.123-139. Vogel, M.S., 2005, Quaternary geology of the lower Lewis River valley, Washington—Influence of volcanogenic sedimentation following Mount St. Helens Eruptions: Pullman, Washington, Washington State University, M.S. Thesis, 65 p. U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing address

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Reston VA 20192 USA 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://water.usgs.gov/user_feedback_form.html Downloadable Data Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data, software, or related materials. The use of firm, trade, or brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. The names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners. ESRI Geodatabase Feature Class PKZIP compression Winzip 13 http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/Columbia_River_Estuary_Ecosystem_Classification.zip None. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service. 20120703 U.S. Geological Survey Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team mailing address

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Reston VA 20192 USA 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+creec_hydrogeomorphic_reach FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998